{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T06:04:43Z","timestamp":1784009083765,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Glob. Women\u2019s Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic placed significant strain on physicians. Gender inequities in medicine preceded the pandemic. This study aimed to assess the association of COVID-19 lockdown on physicians\u2019 careers, work-life balance, resilience, and burnout from a gender perspective, in Lebanon.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A web-based survey was sent to all Lebanese Syndicate of Physicians members. Data was collected between August and September 2022. The survey was designed comprising five domains to assess personal characteristics, career impact, work-family intersection, resilience, and burnout.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 165 physicians were included in the analysis. A greater percentage of women were married with children and in a non-surgical specialty. During COVID-19 lockdown, more women occupied part-time positions compared to pre-COVID-19 (29.2%vs.18.0%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04), whereas there was no significant difference among men. While both men and women shifted to more remote work during COVID-19, there was no statistically significant difference by gender. Moreover, more women than men reported increased time spent on household tasks (64.0%vs.36.8%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). While the majority of both men and women reported increased parenting activities, a higher percentage of women reported solely bearing childcare responsibilities during school disruptions. Furthermore, a higher percentage of women reported relying on their extended family during childcare disruptions (30.9%vs.9.5%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), compared to men who reported relying more on their spouses (52.6%vs.9.1%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Multivariate regression of Work-to-Family conflict and resilience scales did not show any statistically significant difference by gender, nor was there a gendered difference in burnout scores. Being married and married with children were both associated with higher resilience in physicians.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study highlights the disproportionate association between COVID-19 lockdown and experiences of women physicians. Policies and initiatives to retain women physicians during crises are of paramount importance as are interventions targeting resilience in single physicians and overall burnout.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2026.1721389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T05:37:36Z","timestamp":1784007456000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on work-family balance, resilience, and burnout of physicians in Lebanon: a cross-sectional survey study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Eveline","family":"Hitti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center","place":["Beirut, Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hani","family":"Tamim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center","place":["Beirut, Lebanon"]},{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdo","family":"Mghames","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center","place":["Beirut, Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dima","family":"Hadid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center","place":["Beirut, Lebanon"]},{"name":"Health Policy PhD Program, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University","place":["Hamilton, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walaa","family":"El Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut","place":["Beirut, Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghada","family":"Chamandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center","place":["Beirut, Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Daouk-\u00d6yry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center","place":["Beirut, Lebanon"]},{"name":"Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour BI Norwegian Business School","place":["Oslo, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaceta.2014.03.014","article-title":"Gender inequalities\u00a0in the medical profession: are there still barriers to women physicians in the 21st century?","volume":"28","author":"Arrizabalaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gac Sanit"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159x.2012.746450","article-title":"Career choices of the United Kingdom medical graduates of 2005, 2008 and 2009: questionnaire surveys","volume":"35","author":"Svirko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558718754573","article-title":"Gender differences in hospital CEO compensation: a national investigation of not-for-profit hospitals","volume":"76","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Care Res Rev"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4330-0","article-title":"Gendered expectations: do they contribute to high burnout among female physicians?","volume":"33","author":"Linzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055495","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1055495","article-title":"Physician challenges and supports during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed methods study","volume":"13","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3892\/mi.2022.62","article-title":"Measurement of job satisfaction among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study","volume":"3","author":"Diakos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Int (Lond)"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s42506-023-00127-7","article-title":"Medical professionals\u2019 job satisfaction and telemedicine readiness during the COVID-19 pandemic: solutions to improve medical practice in Egypt","volume":"98","author":"El-Mazahy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Egypt Public Health Assoc"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.002","article-title":"Changes in burnout and satisfaction with work-life integration in physicians during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"97","author":"Shanafelt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e050380","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050380","article-title":"Cross-sectional survey on physician burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic in Vancouver, Canada: the role of gender, ethnicity and sexual orientation","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-022-02934-9","article-title":"Disproportionate negative career impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female pediatric cardiologists in the northeast United States","volume":"43","author":"Laraja","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10897-4","article-title":"Occupational burnout and job satisfaction among physicians in times of COVID-19 crisis: a convergent parallel mixed-method study","volume":"21","author":"Alrawashdeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928107","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.928107","article-title":"Marital Status and gender differences as key determinants of COVID-19 impact on wellbeing, job satisfaction and resilience in health care workers and staff working in academia in the UK during the first wave of the pandemic","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2134315","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.34315","article-title":"Experiences of work-family conflict and mental health symptoms by gender among physician parents during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"4","author":"Frank","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1742657","article-title":"Discriminatory impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women physicians","volume":"43","author":"Jiwnani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1200\/go.21.00020","article-title":"COVID-19 Pandemic and its gendered impact on Indian physicians","volume":"7","author":"Jiwnani","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCO Glob Oncol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnsa.2022.100066","article-title":"Women healthcare workers\u2019 experiences during COVID-19 and other crises: a scoping review","volume":"4","author":"Morgan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud Adv"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159x.2012.716184","article-title":"Undergraduate medical education in Lebanon","volume":"34","author":"Nemr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.26719\/emhj.22.077","article-title":"Assessment of gender gap in surgical specialties among Lebanese medical personnel: the need for involvement of women in surgery","volume":"28","author":"El Hage","year":"2022","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0267288","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267288","article-title":"Domestic tethers: gender differences in career paths and domestic responsibilities of top-research medical school graduates","volume":"17","author":"Hitti","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1177\/01708406221131421","article-title":"Call of duty: when scholars organize in extreme contexts","volume":"44","author":"Daouk-\u00d6yry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Organ Stud"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-025-01382-0","article-title":"Navigating turbulence: analyzing the resilience of Lebanon\u2019s healthcare system in a multi-crisis scenario","volume":"23","author":"Yamout","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Res Policy Syst"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1177\/01708406241295485","article-title":"Resourcing agency for sustained collective action amid creeping crises","volume":"46","author":"Karam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Organ Stud"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2026.2645619","article-title":"The institutional work of scholar activism as collective healing in creeping crises","volume":"16","author":"Daouk-\u00d6yry","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-014-0476-0","article-title":"The work-family conflict scale (WAFCS): development and initial validation of a self-report measure of work-family conflict for use with parents","volume":"46","author":"Haslam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.19275\/RSEP121","article-title":"The Lebanon crisis from international political economy perspective","volume":"7","author":"Siddique","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Socio-Econ Perspect"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/10705500802222972","article-title":"The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"B27","volume-title":"Maslach Burnout Inventory: Scarecrow Education","author":"Maslach","year":"1997"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181ac4dfd","article-title":"Burnout and career satisfaction among American surgeons","volume":"250","author":"Shanafelt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199307000-00007","article-title":"Women surgeons results of the Canadian population study","volume":"218","author":"Mizgala","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6936a4","article-title":"Delay or avoidance of medical care because of COVID-19-related concerns\u2014united States, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Czeisler","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14094","article-title":"Delay or avoidance of routine, urgent and emergency medical care due to concerns about COVID-19 in a region with low COVID-19 prevalence: victoria, Australia","volume":"26","author":"Czeisler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e072117","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-072117","article-title":"Factors associated with emergency department avoidance during the COVID-19 pandemic and alternatives sought: a cross-sectional, telephone-based survey of frequent emergency department users in Beirut, Lebanon","volume":"13","author":"Mahmassani","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2113539","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.13539","article-title":"Academic medicine faculty perceptions of work-life balance before and since the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"4","author":"Matulevicius","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B34","unstructured":"Hitti\n              E\n            \n            \n              Moreno-Walton\n              L\n            \n          \n          The gender gap in medical leadership: glass ceiling, domestic tethers, or both\n          \n          2017"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-021-00595-4","article-title":"I may be essential but someone has to look after my kids\": women physicians and COVID-19","volume":"113","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113389","article-title":"Resilience and demographic characteristics predicting distress during the COVID-19 crisis","volume":"265","author":"Kimhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2020.101843","article-title":"Recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic: distress and resilience","volume":"50","author":"Kimhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00982-4","article-title":"Resilience, COVID-19-related stress, anxiety and depression during the pandemic in a large population enriched for healthcare providers","volume":"10","author":"Barzilay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.46661\/ijeri.7381","article-title":"The relat\u0131onsh\u0131p between perceived spouse support and levels of psychological resilience in married individuals","volume":"19","author":"Acibal","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJERI"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01395-7","article-title":"Assessment of physicians\u2019 resilience level during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Douillet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612447798","article-title":"In defense of parenthood: children are associated with more joy than misery","volume":"24","author":"Nelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-022-00831-3","article-title":"Factors associated with burnout among Chinese nurses during COVID-19 epidemic: a cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Global Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgwh.2026.1721389\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T05:37:37Z","timestamp":1784007457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgwh.2026.1721389\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fgwh.2026.1721389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgwh.2026.1721389","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-5059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-5059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"article-number":"1721389"}}