{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T07:37:18Z","timestamp":1774597038777,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Glob. Women\u2019s Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Postpartum emotional distress, including depression, anxiety, and stress, is a public health concern affecting maternal well-being and child development. Although several studies have identified risk factors among Nepalese women, little is known about the multifactorial pathways underlying postpartum emotional distress. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of postpartum emotional distress and to examine the pathways and interrelationships among factors associated with postpartum emotional distress among women in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in central Nepal. A total of 381 postpartum women (4\u201312 weeks after delivery) were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12). Sociodemographic, perinatal, childcare-related, and psychosocial data were collected. Exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to identify latent factors and the relationships among them.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of postpartum emotional distress was 40.2% (95% CI: 35.2\u201345.3). Factor analysis identified seven latent factors: Childcare Experience, Mother's Economic Strength, Age of Parents, Extended Family Support, Emotional Distress, Help from Husband, and Satisfaction with Married Life. SEM demonstrated good fit (CFI\u2009=\u20090.971, RMSEA\u2009=\u20090.043). Satisfaction with Married Life (standardized coefficient: \u22120.66,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), Help from Husband (\u22120.15,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), Extended Family Support (\u22120.15,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), and Mother's Economic Strength (\u22120.16,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) were inversely associated with emotional distress.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Postpartum emotional distress is highly prevalent among Nepalese women. Strengthening family and partner support, promoting community-based interventions, and enhancing routine mental health screening by health professionals are essential to both reduce distress and improve the psychological well-being of mothers and long-term outcomes for children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2026.1723556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T06:40:47Z","timestamp":1774593647000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Emotional distress among postpartum women in central Nepal: a cross-sectional study using structural equation modeling"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Miwako","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Childhood Sport Education, Nippon Sport Science University","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunila","family":"Shakya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences","place":["Dhulikhel, Nepal"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subasna","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing and Midwifery Program, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences","place":["Dhulikhel, Nepal"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eiko","family":"Kaneda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Culture, Nippon Sport Science University","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seira","family":"Kawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Childhood Sport Education, Nippon Sport Science University","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Ohishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Maternal Mental Health and Child Health and Development in Low and Middle Income Countries: Report of the Meeting","year":"2008"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-016-2255-4","article-title":"The effect of postpartum depression and current mental health problems of the mother on child behaviour at eight years","volume":"21","author":"Closa-Monasterolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Shorey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1074-3","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with depressive symptoms among postpartum mothers in Nepal","volume":"8","author":"Giri","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340601110812","article-title":"Factors associated with depressive symptoms among postnatal women in Nepal","volume":"86","author":"Ho-Yen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.12109","article-title":"Factors associated with postnatal anxiety among primiparous mothers in Nepal","volume":"61","author":"Shrestha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Nurs Rev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.4069\/whn.2024.09.02","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with postpartum depression among bhutanese mothers: a cross-sectional study","volume":"30","author":"Zangmo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Womens Health Nurs"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1320-2","article-title":"Risk factors for postpartum depression among Chinese women: path model analysis","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782","article-title":"Detection of postnatal depression. 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