{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T12:49:46Z","timestamp":1782910186013,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Glob. Women\u2019s Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Macromastia is associated with substantial physical and psychosocial burden, yet existing diagnostic thresholds, particularly for gigantomastia, are largely derived from weight-based criteria established in Western populations. These standards may be suboptimal for preoperative assessment in Asian women, where breast composition and body habitus differ.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, adult women with breast volumes &amp;gt; 400\u2005mL were recruited from a tertiary plastic surgery center. Preoperative breast morphology was assessed using the VECTRA\u00ae XT 3D imaging system, including breast volume, breast width, SNN distance, and ptosis grade. QoL was evaluated using the BREAST-Q Reduction\/Mastopexy Module (version 2.0). Associations among morphological parameters, BMI and BREAST-Q domains were comprehensively analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 145 patients underwent 3D imaging and 168 completed the BREAST-Q questionnaire. Fifty-three patients completed both assessments and were included in analyses integrating breast morphology and patient-reported outcomes. Breast volume was positively correlated with BMI and ptosis severity (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). SNN distance demonstrated a stronger correlation with ptosis grade (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.657,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Patients with breast volumes\u2009\u2265\u20091,000\u2005mL demonstrated significantly greater ptosis severity and lower physical well-being scores compared with those with moderate macromastia. BMI showed stronger unadjusted associations with psychosocial well-being, sexual well-being, and satisfaction with breasts than breast volume alone. However, these associations were attenuated after multivariable adjustment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three-dimensional imaging combined with BREAST-Q assessment provides complementary information on the anatomical and patient-reported burden of macromastia. Breast volumes of 1,000\u2005mL or greater were associated with increased ptosis severity and poorer physical well-being and may represent a clinically relevant threshold warranting further investigation. These findings support a multidimensional approach to preoperative evaluation that incorporates breast morphology, body habitus, and patient-reported outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2026.1822760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T12:17:58Z","timestamp":1782908278000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three-dimensional assessment of macromastia: linking breast morphology to quality of life"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Huijing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinghong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenggang","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine","place":["Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-021-01336-7","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of risks and benefits with breast reduction in the public healthcare system: priorities for further research","volume":"21","author":"Widmark-Jensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Surg"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000009906","article-title":"Breast hypertrophy: a real pain in the back","volume":"151","author":"Lessard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plast 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