{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T18:19:54Z","timestamp":1789237194924,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Glob. Women\u2019s Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal lifestyle during pregnancy may influence infant growth trajectories. Prenatal exercise improves maternal outcomes, but associations with infant Body Mass Index (BMI) beyond early infancy remain uncertain. The aim was to examine the association between participation in a supervised prenatal exercise program and infant BMI during the first year of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This secondary per-protocol analysis was derived from a randomized clinical trial (NCT04563065) conducted in three public hospitals. Pregnant women were allocated to a supervised exercise program performed throughout pregnancy (IG\u2009=\u2009Intervention Group) or to standard obstetric care (CG\u2009=\u2009Control Group). Infant weight, length, BMI, and feeding type were assessed at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 months postpartum. Primary analyses followed a per-protocol approach restricted to mother\u2013infant dyads meeting predefined adherence and follow-up criteria, with additional intention-to-treat sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 229 randomized participants, 126 mother\u2013infant dyads were included in the per-protocol analyses. Infant BMI trajectories were similar between groups through 6 months of age. At 12 months, mean infant BMI was lower in the IG compared with controls in both per-protocol (16.49\u2009\u00b1\u20091.26 vs. 17.10\u2009\u00b1\u20091.40;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006) and intention-to-treat analyses (16.50\u2009\u00b1\u20091.25 vs. 17.07\u2009\u00b1\u20091.37;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007), although the absolute difference was modest. Infants in the CG had higher odds of overweight during mid and late infancy across both analytic approaches. Mothers in the IG gained less weight during pregnancy and had higher rates of exclusive breastfeeding during early infancy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this secondary per-protocol analysis, participation in a supervised prenatal exercise program was associated with lower infant BMI at 12 months and more favorable early feeding patterns. Given substantial attrition and the per-protocol analytic approach, findings should be interpreted cautiously and considered exploratory and hypothesis-generating.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2026.1841700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T06:16:23Z","timestamp":1779948983000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exercise during pregnancy and infant body mass index during the first year of life: a secondary per-protocol analysis of a randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Barakat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AFIPE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Pol\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GICAF Research Group, Department of Education, Research and Evaluation Methods, Universidad Pontificia Comillas","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maia","family":"Brik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, Hospital Universitario Vall de Hebr\u00f3n","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Refoyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngeles","family":"D\u00edaz-Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paloma","family":"Hernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro de Majadahonda","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iciar","family":"Olabarrieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Department, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Perales Santaella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences-HM Hospitals, Camilo Jose Cela University , , Spain","place":["Villanueva de la Ca\u00f1ada"]},{"name":"HM Hospitals Health Research Institute , , Spain","place":["Madrid"]},{"name":"Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (\u2018I+12\u2019)","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle F.","family":"Mottola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R. 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