{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T07:00:45Z","timestamp":1785308445128,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Glob. Women\u2019s Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Internally displaced populations (IDPs) in Somalia face a disproportionate burden of poor maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) outcomes due to conflict, recurrent displacement, poverty, and weak health systems. Evidence on the barriers and facilitators influencing MNCH service utilization in these settings remains fragmented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To synthesize the available evidence on barriers and facilitators affecting utilization of MNCH services among IDPs in Somalia, with a focus on antenatal care, skilled delivery, postnatal care, immunization, and care-seeking for childhood illnesses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This narrative review examined published literature, policy documents, and humanitarian reports on MNCH service utilization in Somalia and comparable fragile settings. The review focused primarily on sources published between 2015 and 2026, while older sources were retained only when they provided essential conceptual, contextual, or policy information. The review explored both demand-side factors, including socioeconomic hardship, gender norms, and decision-making autonomy, and supply-side factors, including distance, service quality, insecurity, and health system capacity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study found that MNCH service utilization among Somali IDPs is constrained by multiple, overlapping barriers. Major barriers include poverty and transport costs, geographic inaccessibility, insecurity, low female autonomy, cultural preferences, shortages of female and skilled health workers, weak referral systems, stock-outs, and limited service readiness. At the same time, important facilitators were identified, including community health workers, women's groups, mobile and outreach services, supportive NGO and government interventions, health system strengthening, and policy frameworks that increasingly recognize IDPs as a priority population. These factors influence service use across the continuum of care and are strongly interrelated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Improving MNCH service utilization among Somali IDPs requires integrated, equity-focused strategies that combine community engagement, gender-sensitive care, strengthened frontline services, functional referral systems, and better coordination between humanitarian and government actors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2026.1880329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T06:03:31Z","timestamp":1785305011000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Barriers and facilitators to maternal, newborn, and child health service utilization among internally displaced populations in Somalia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Abdirahman Mohamed","family":"Jimale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, University of Somalia (UNISO)","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]},{"name":"Research Section, Directorate of Health and Human Services, Banaadir Regional Administration","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Ahmed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, University of Somalia (UNISO)","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]},{"name":"Research Section, Directorate of Health and Human Services, Banaadir Regional Administration","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nor Haji","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Section, Directorate of Health and Human Services, Banaadir Regional Administration","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aweis Ahmed","family":"Moallim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Section, Directorate of Health and Human Services, Banaadir Regional Administration","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdirahman Ahmed","family":"Mohamud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Section, Directorate of Health and Human Services, Banaadir Regional Administration","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismail Dahir","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Section, Directorate of Health and Human Services, Banaadir Regional Administration","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdiweli Mohamed","family":"Abdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, Al Hayat Medical University","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdikarim Abdi","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPC Section, Department of Environmental Health and Climate, Federal Ministry of Health","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman Mohamed","family":"Mohamud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Zamzam University of Science and Technology","place":["Mogadishu, Somalia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages","year":""},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0317094","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317094","article-title":"Armed violent conflict and healthcare-seeking behavior for maternal and child health in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Adeyanju","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e018964","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2025-018964","article-title":"Implementation of essential newborn care in settings of high-intensity armed conflict: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Moutwakil","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599731","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2021.599731","article-title":"Disrupted service delivery? 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