{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:16:00Z","timestamp":1788419760601,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Glob. Women\u2019s Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Women and girls affected by armed conflict and forced displacement are exposed to a high burden of potentially traumatic events, gendered insecurity, disrupted social networks, and barriers to mental health care. Evidence on protective psychological resources among internally displaced women in Central Africa remains limited. This study examined trauma load, personal sense of coherence (SoC), and sense of community coherence (SoCC) as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity among women internally displaced by the Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon. A sample of 133 female internally displaced persons (IDPs), aged 18 to 65 years, was recruited from two humanitarian organizations. Trauma exposure was assessed using the Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 and a crisis-specific trauma checklist; PTSD symptom severity was measured with the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5; and SoC and SoCC were assessed with validated self-report scales. Among six trauma-load indicators, self-experienced traumatic event types related to the Anglophone Crisis were the only trauma-related predictor retained in the final regression model. The final model included self-experienced Anglophone Crisis-related trauma (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.23,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.009) and personal SoC (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009\u2212.18,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.035),\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    (2, 130)\u2009=\u20097.41,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001, adjusted\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.09. Using the PCL-5 screening cut-off of 31, 127 of 133 women (95.5%) met the threshold for probable PTSD. The findings do not establish causal mediation, but they support the interpretation that individual comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness are clinically relevant resilience-related resources for displaced women. Interventions for female IDPs should combine trauma-focused care with strategies that strengthen individual coping and meaning-making while acknowledging that displacement can disrupt community-level protection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2026.1894160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:42:28Z","timestamp":1788417748000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Personal sense of coherence and posttraumatic stress symptoms among internally displaced women exposed to the Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Edwige Emilie","family":"Kouamen Tatto Mouandjo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MONUSCO\u2014United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the DR Congo","place":["Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Wandjiru","family":"Mbwayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nairobi","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Muthoni","family":"Mathai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nairobi","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Baptiste","family":"Fotso Djemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 des Montagnes","place":["Bangangt\u00e9, Cameroon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houdou","family":"Seyni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Medical Corps","place":["Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Schnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University","place":["Hamburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University","place":["Hamburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Weierstall-Pust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University","place":["Hamburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gesa","family":"Pust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University","place":["Hamburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.26719\/2024.30.5.369","article-title":"A systematic review of mental health of women in fragile and humanitarian settings of the eastern Mediterranean region","volume":"30","author":"Rabbani","year":"2024","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"121","article-title":"The Anglophone cultural identity in Cameroon 50 years after re-unification","volume":"2","author":"Nfi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4236\/aasoci.2021.111001","article-title":"The Anglophone Crisis: the rise of arms trafficking and smuggling, its effects on the two English regions of Cameroon","volume":"11","author":"Nwati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Appl Sociol"},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0300894","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0300894","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder and associated factors among internally displaced persons in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.748","article-title":"Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults","volume":"68","author":"Brewin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22169","article-title":"Cumulative traumas and risk thresholds: 12-month PTSD in the world mental health (WMH) surveys","volume":"31","author":"Karam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.07.015","article-title":"An integrative model linking traumatization, cortisol dysregulation and posttraumatic stress disorder: insight from recent hair cortisol findings","volume":"69","author":"Steudte-Schmiedgen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"41","article-title":"Biology of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"62","author":"Yehuda","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00123-0","article-title":"A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"38","author":"Ehlers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2013.08.015","article-title":"The downside of strong emotional memories: how human memory-related genes influence the risk for posttraumatic stress disorder\u2014a selective review","volume":"112","author":"Wilker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01682.x","article-title":"Psychological resilience after disaster: New York City in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attack","volume":"17","author":"Bonanno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.2007.70.4.283","article-title":"Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: empirical evidence","volume":"70","author":"Hobfoll","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.116014","article-title":"Sex differences in trauma exposure and PTSD symptomatology among refugees, internally displaced people, and asylum seekers: a systematic literature review","volume":"339","author":"Han\u00e1kov\u00e1","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351204","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1351204","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder: an update","volume":"8","author":"Olff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B16","volume-title":"Unraveling the Mystery of Health: How People Manage Stress and Stay Well","author":"Antonovsky","year":"1988"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(93)90033-Z","article-title":"The structure and properties of the sense of coherence scale","volume":"36","author":"Antonovsky","year":"1993","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"223","article-title":"The relationship between sense of coherence and posttraumatic stress reactions: a meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Hystad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562839","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2018.1562839","article-title":"The relationship between sense of coherence and post-traumatic stress: a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2014.954527","article-title":"The relationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms and sense of coherence in world war II survivors","volume":"19","author":"Marshall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1764722","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1764722","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder in volunteer firefighters: influence of specific risk and protective factors","volume":"11","author":"Schnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-007-9156-6","article-title":"Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness","volume":"41","author":"Norris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241284594","article-title":"The socio-ecological factors associated with mental health problems and resilience in refugees: a systematic scoping review","volume":"26","author":"Fadhlia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"681","article-title":"Community perception as coping resource among adolescents living under rockets fire: a salutogenic approach","volume":"13","author":"Peled","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Community Posit Pract"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1037\/pac0000525","article-title":"Sense of community coherence and perceptions of collective narratives in postconflict context: the mediating role of subjective experience of interpersonal power","volume":"27","author":"Telaku","year":"2021","journal-title":"Peace Confl"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2011.637905","article-title":"Salutogenesis and culture: personal and community sense of coherence among adolescents belonging to three different cultural groups","volume":"23","author":"Braun-Lewensohn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2010.01.006","article-title":"Adolescents under missile attacks: sense of coherence as a mediator between exposure and stress-related reactions","volume":"34","author":"Braun-Lewensohn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1505-5-14","article-title":"PTSD, depression and anxiety among former abductees in northern Uganda","volume":"5","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Confl Health"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102786","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102786","article-title":"The challenge of living on: psychopathology and its mediating influence on the readjustment of former child soldiers","volume":"9","author":"Ertl","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B31","volume-title":"The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5)","author":"Weathers","year":"2013"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000254","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition (PCL-5) in veterans","volume":"28","author":"Bovin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22942","article-title":"Developing an optimal short-form of the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)","volume":"36","author":"Zuromski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/JTS.22059","article-title":"The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation","volume":"28","author":"Blevins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-04600-6","volume-title":"The Handbook of Salutogenesis","author":"Mittelmark","year":"2017"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-04600-6_12","article-title":"The sense of coherence and its measurement","volume-title":"The Handbook of Salutogenesis","author":"Eriksson","year":"2017"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.2015.1129302","article-title":"Sense of community coherence and inter-religious relations","volume":"156","author":"Mana","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-97802-0_12","article-title":"Narrative exposure therapy (NET): reorganizing memories of traumatic stress, fear, and violence","volume-title":"Evidence Based Treatments for Trauma-Related Psychological Disorders: A Practical Guide for Clinicians","author":"Elbert","year":"2022"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-41","article-title":"When combat prevents PTSD symptoms\u2014results from a survey with former child soldiers in northern Uganda","volume":"12","author":"Weierstall","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.03.015","article-title":"Resilience and its association with mental health among forcibly displaced populations: a systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"379","author":"Lane","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejtd.2025.100535","article-title":"Examining the relationship between coping strategies and post-traumatic stress disorder in forcibly displaced populations: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Dissociation"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Global Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgwh.2026.1894160\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:42:31Z","timestamp":1788417751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fgwh.2026.1894160\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fgwh.2026.1894160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgwh.2026.1894160","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-5059"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-5059","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"1894160"}}