{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T11:18:51Z","timestamp":1781522331853,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,13]],"date-time":"2014-11-13T14:48:15Z","timestamp":1415890095000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Increasing Obesity in Treated Female HIV Patients from Sub-Saharan Africa: Potential Causes and Possible Targets for Intervention"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Claire L.","family":"McCormick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianne M.","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Iliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine J.","family":"Douch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Pakianathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek C.","family":"Macallan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199507133330202","article-title":"Energy expenditure and wasting in human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"333","author":"Macallan","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200111230-00024","article-title":"Wasting and obesity in HIV outpatients","volume":"15","author":"Hodgson","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"6","key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1086\/500398","article-title":"Nutrition and HIV infection: review of weight loss and wasting in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy from the nutrition for healthy living cohort","volume":"42","author":"Mangili","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"21","key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030218","article-title":"Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction","volume":"349","author":"Friis-Moller","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9622","key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60423-7","article-title":"Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the D:A:D study: a multi-cohort collaboration","volume":"371","author":"Sabin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2007.00537.x","article-title":"Lipodystrophy and weight changes: data from the Swiss HIV cohort study, 2000-2006","volume":"9","author":"Nguyen","year":"2008","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2008.0082","article-title":"Obesity among patients with HIV: the latest epidemic","volume":"22","author":"Crum-Cianflone","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10106","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010106","article-title":"Increasing rates of obesity among HIV-infected persons during the HIV epidemic","volume":"5","author":"Crum-Cianflone","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2348","article-title":"HIV infection and obesity: where did all the wasting go?","volume":"17","author":"Tate","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.3275\/8187","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and its relationship to clinical lipodystrophy in HIV-infected adults on anti-retroviral therapy","volume":"35","author":"Freitas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2006.10719542","article-title":"Obesity in HIV-infection: dietary correlates","volume":"25","author":"Hendricks","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1089\/AID.2012.0234","article-title":"Short communication: from wasting to obesity: initial antiretroviral therapy and weight gain in HIV-infected persons","volume":"29","author":"Lakey","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1086\/648728","article-title":"Obesity and dyslipidemia in behaviorally HIV-infected young women: adolescent trials network study 021","volume":"50","author":"Mulligan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2009.0175","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of elevated body mass index among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women in the women\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s interagency HIV study","volume":"23","author":"Boodram","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"B15","first-page":"557","article-title":"A tale of 2 epidemics: the intersection between obesity and HIV infection in Philadelphia","volume":"39","author":"Amorosa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"4","key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2005.00284.x","article-title":"Body shape and composition in HIV-infected women: an urban cohort","volume":"6","author":"Karmon","year":"2005","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1053\/beem.2002.0224","article-title":"The emerging pattern of the genetic contribution to human obesity","volume":"16","author":"Comuzzie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.71","article-title":"The human obesity gene map: the 2005 update","volume":"14","author":"Rankinen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"5","key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.5.1284","article-title":"Linkage for BMI at 3q27 region confirmed in an African-American population","volume":"52","author":"Luke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"13","key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32830a9886","article-title":"Genetic analysis implicates resistin in HIV lipodystrophy","volume":"22","author":"Ranade","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"9","key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/7.9.1431","article-title":"Association between uncoupling protein polymorphisms (UCP2-UCP3) and energy metabolism\/obesity in pima Indians","volume":"7","author":"Walder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"11","key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/6.11.1887","article-title":"Linkage between markers in the vicinity of the uncoupling protein 2 gene and resting metabolic rate in humans","volume":"6","author":"Bouchard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/75.4.714","article-title":"Racial differences in the relation between uncoupling protein genes and resting energy expenditure","volume":"75","author":"Kimm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1449","key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2004.1518","article-title":"The developmental origins of well-being","volume":"359","author":"Barker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.11.3006","article-title":"Pathways of infant and childhood growth that lead to type 2 diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Eriksson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.3.717","article-title":"Poststarvation hyperphagia and body fat overshooting in humans: a role for feedback signals from lean and fat tissues","volume":"65","author":"Dulloo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.6.1006","article-title":"Nutrient partitioning during treatment of tuberculosis: gain in body fat mass but not in protein mass","volume":"79","author":"Schwenk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(99)00398-3","article-title":"Ethnic differences in body image attitudes and perceptions among women infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"99","author":"Clark","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199401)15:1<81::AID-EAT2260150110>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Cross-cultural differences in the evaluation of male and female body shapes","volume":"15","author":"Furnham","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-108X(199803)23:2153::AID-EAT53.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Ethnicity and body image: quantitative and qualitative analysis","volume":"23","author":"Altabe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199211)12:3291::AID-EAT22601203093.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Body images, body-size perceptions, and eating behaviors among African-American and white college women","volume":"12","author":"Rucker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199503)17:2191::AID-EAT22601702133.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Racial differences in women\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s desires to be thin","volume":"17","author":"Powell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4102\/curationis.v22i2.719","article-title":"Perceptions of overweight African women about acceptable body size of women and children","volume":"22","author":"Mvo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curationis"},{"issue":"1","key":"B34","first-page":"29","article-title":"Perceptions about body image and sizes among black African girls living in Cape Town","volume":"20","author":"Puoane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2002.25","article-title":"Does ethnicity influence body-size preference? A comparison of body image and body size","volume":"10","author":"Cachelin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"B36","volume-title":"Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry","year":"1995"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/58.3.417","article-title":"Prospective analysis of patterns of weight change in stage IV human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"58","author":"Macallan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B38","volume-title":"Health Survey for England 2004","author":"Becker","year":"2006"},{"key":"B39","volume-title":"The Body Test Material","author":"Association","year":"1988"},{"key":"B40","first-page":"115","article-title":"Use of the danish adoption register for the study of obesity and thinness","volume":"60","author":"Stunkard","year":"1983","journal-title":"Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801742","article-title":"Relating body mass index to figural stimuli: population-based normative data for Caucasians","volume":"25","author":"Bulik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2000.75","article-title":"The relationship between body image discrepancy and body mass index across ethnic groups","volume":"8","author":"Fitzgibbon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"B43","volume-title":"Health Survey for England \u00e2\u20ac\u201c 2011, Health, Social Care and Lifestyles","author":"Craig","year":"2012"},{"issue":"10","key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200007070-00002","article-title":"Contribution of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors to subcutaneous fat wasting in patients with HIV infection","volume":"14","author":"Mallal","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"10","key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2004.204","article-title":"Development of a culturally relevant body image instrument among urban African Americans","volume":"12","author":"Pulvers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2008.00862.x","article-title":"Assessment of body image in obesity using a digital morphing technique","volume":"21","author":"Johnstone","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"3","key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.282","article-title":"Admixture mapping of obesity-related traits in African Americans: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study","volume":"18","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"9","key":"B48","first-page":"645","article-title":"Weight evolution and perceptions of adults living with HIV following initiation of antiretroviral therapy in a South African urban setting","volume":"101","author":"Hurley","year":"2011","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"issue":"1 Pt 2","key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(91)90861-B","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk profiles","volume":"121","author":"Anderson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.3.603","article-title":"Reversal of nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis, hepatic insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia by moderate weight reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"54","author":"Petersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,17]],"date-time":"2019-08-17T09:11:27Z","timestamp":1566033087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00507\/abstract"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,13]]},"references-count":50,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00507","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,13]]}}}