{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T02:00:02Z","timestamp":1789610402401,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN 288314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN 288314"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008794","name":"Research Manitoba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]],"date-time":"2016-05-19T19:54:48Z","timestamp":1463687688000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Host Intracellular Signaling Events and Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production in African Trypanosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Shiby M.","family":"Kuriakose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rani","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jude E.","family":"Uzonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"192","article-title":"The fatal sleep: Africa\u2019s killer disease that went undiscovered for centuries","author":"Kennedy","year":"2010"},{"key":"B2","author":"WHO","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trypanosomiasis, Human African (Sleeping Sickness)"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"B3","first-page":"595","article-title":"The effects of trypanosomiasis on rural economy with special reference to the Sudan, Bechuanaland and West Africa","volume":"28","author":"Wilson","year":"1963","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Programme against African trypanosomiasis","author":"(FAO) FaAootUN","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2011.00576.x","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis in non-endemic countries (2000-2010)","volume":"19","author":"Simarro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00834-X","article-title":"The challenge of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness diagnosis outside Africa","volume":"3","author":"Lejon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(00)01851-1","article-title":"The programme against African trypanosomiasis: aims, objectives and achievements","volume":"17","author":"Hursey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81706-7","article-title":"A VSG expression site-associated gene confers resistance to human serum in Trypanosoma rhodesiense","volume":"95","author":"Xong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2004.07.004","article-title":"Characterization of primate trypanosome lytic factors","volume":"138","author":"Lugli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"issue":"26","key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa063265","article-title":"Human Trypanosoma evansi infection linked to a lack of apolipoprotein L-I","volume":"355","author":"Vanhollebeke","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5733","key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114566","article-title":"Apolipoprotein L-I promotes trypanosome lysis by forming pores in lysosomal membranes","volume":"309","author":"Perez-Morga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6927","key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01461","article-title":"Apolipoprotein L-I is the trypanosome lytic factor of human serum","volume":"422","author":"Vanhamme","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02619.x","article-title":"Contribution of innate immune responses towards resistance to African trypanosome infections","volume":"75","author":"Namangala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.05.005","article-title":"The trypanolytic factor-mechanism, impacts and applications","volume":"26","author":"Wheeler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.1.548","article-title":"The soluble variant surface glycoprotein of African trypanosomes is recognized by a macrophage scavenger receptor and induces I kappa B alpha degradation independently of TRAF6-mediated TLR signaling","volume":"179","author":"Leppert","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.11.009","article-title":"CR3 (CD11b\/CD18) is the major macrophage receptor for IgM antibody-mediated phagocytosis of African trypanosomes: diverse effect on subsequent synthesis of tumor necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide","volume":"8","author":"Pan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1003500","article-title":"Trypanosoma congolense infections: antibody-mediated phagocytosis by Kupffer cells","volume":"76","author":"Shi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.4.2501","article-title":"The induction of a type 1 immune response following a Trypanosoma brucei infection is MyD88 dependent","volume":"175","author":"Drennan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00237-1","article-title":"Antigenic variation and the African trypanosome genome","volume":"85","author":"Donelson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"2","key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1999.00202.x","article-title":"Cytokines and antibody responses during Trypanosoma congolense infections in two inbred mouse strains that differ in resistance","volume":"21","author":"Uzonna","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6775","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.12.6775","article-title":"Resistance to the African trypanosomes is IFN-gamma dependent","volume":"161","author":"Hertz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/immu.200390013","article-title":"Experimental African trypanosomiasis: IFN-gamma mediates early mortality","volume":"33","author":"Shi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.6.3128-3132.1999","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha is a key mediator in the regulation of experimental Trypanosoma brucei infections","volume":"67","author":"Magez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"5","key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.53.539","article-title":"Correlation of high serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha with disease severity in human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"53","author":"Okomo-Assoumou","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"10","key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5507","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.10.5507","article-title":"Experimental murine Trypanosoma congolense infections. I. Administration of anti-IFN-gamma antibodies alters trypanosome-susceptible mice to a resistant-like phenotype","volume":"161","author":"Uzonna","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1086\/503808","article-title":"Interferon-gamma and nitric oxide in combination with antibodies are key protective host immune factors during Trypanosoma congolense Tc13 Infections","volume":"193","author":"Magez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830211022","article-title":"Bidirectional activating signals between Trypanosoma brucei and CD8+ T cells: a trypanosome-released factor triggers interferon-gamma production that stimulates parasite growth","volume":"21","author":"Olsson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.3.1724","article-title":"Experimental African trypanosomiasis: a subset of pathogenic, IFN-gamma-producing, MHC class II-restricted CD4+ T cells mediates early mortality in highly susceptible mice","volume":"176","author":"Shi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1086\/320731","article-title":"Relative contribution of interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 to resistance to murine African trypanosomosis","volume":"183","author":"Namangala","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1998.00156.x","article-title":"Immunoregulation in experimental murine Trypanosoma congolense infection: anti-IL-10 antibodies reverse trypanosome-mediated suppression of lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and moderately prolong the lifespan of genetically susceptible BALB\/c mice","volume":"20","author":"Uzonna","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02357090","article-title":"A study on the transmission of salivarian trypanosomes isolated from wild tsetse flies","volume":"4","author":"Wilson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"3","key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(92)90027-Y","article-title":"Comparative studies on N\u2019Dama and zebu cattle following repeated infections with Trypanosoma congolense","volume":"52","author":"Dwinger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"15","key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50089-8","article-title":"Molecular characterization of two invariant surface glycoproteins specific for the bloodstream stage of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"267","author":"Ziegelbauer","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.09.65","article-title":"African trypanosomiasis and antibodies: implications for vaccination, therapy and diagnosis","volume":"4","author":"Magez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir011","article-title":"Programmed death 1 and cytokine inducible SH2-containing protein dependent expansion of regulatory T cells upon stimulation With Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"203","author":"Periasamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-69","article-title":"Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection increases Foxp3, IL-10 and IL-2 in CXCL-10 deficient C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"10","author":"Sarfo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"33","key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13951","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905184106","article-title":"Inoculation of killed Leishmania major into immune mice rapidly disrupts immunity to a secondary challenge via IL-10-mediated process","volume":"106","author":"Okwor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2748","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.5.2748","article-title":"African trypanosomiasis: naturally occurring regulatory T cells favor trypanotolerance by limiting pathology associated with sustained type 1 inflammation","volume":"179","author":"Guilliams","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.4.2514","article-title":"Regulatory T cells prevent control of experimental African trypanosomiasis","volume":"180","author":"Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1761","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001761","article-title":"Regulatory T cells enhance susceptibility to experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection independent of mouse genetic background","volume":"6","author":"Okwor","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01028-13","article-title":"Low-dose intradermal infection with Trypanosoma congolense leads to expansion of regulatory T cells and enhanced susceptibility to reinfection","volume":"82","author":"Onyilagha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.28.3.824-831.1980","article-title":"Murine trypanosomiasis: cellular proliferation and functional depletion in the blood, peritoneum, and spleen related to changes in bone marrow stem cells","volume":"28","author":"Clayton","year":"1980","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.39.3.1080-1086.1983","article-title":"Macrophage activation in murine African trypanosomiasis","volume":"39","author":"Grosskinsky","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"5","key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.69.5.685","article-title":"Analysis of macrophage activation in African trypanosomiasis","volume":"69","author":"Paulnock","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1992.tb01306.x","article-title":"Cell surface interactions between Trypanosoma congolense and macrophages during phagocytosis in vitro","volume":"39","author":"Shakibaei","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Protozool"},{"issue":"3","key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(82)90040-6","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei: recognition in vitro of two developmental forms by murine macrophages","volume":"54","author":"Mosser","year":"1982","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"10","key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5492","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.10.5492","article-title":"Suppressor macrophages in African trypanosomiasis inhibit T cell proliferative responses by nitric oxide and prostaglandins","volume":"151","author":"Schleifer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.130.1.405","article-title":"Lymphocyte function in experimental African trypanosomiasis. V. Role of antibody and the mononuclear phagocyte system in variant-specific immunity","volume":"130","author":"Dempsey","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48696","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048696","article-title":"Diminazene aceturate (Berenil) modulates the host cellular and inflammatory responses to Trypanosoma congolense infection","volume":"7","author":"Kuriakose","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.2000.0685","article-title":"Innate resistance to experimental African trypanosomiasis: differences in cytokine (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12) production by bone marrow-derived macrophages from resistant and susceptible mice","volume":"12","author":"Kaushik","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-8855-9_5","article-title":"Cellular immunity and the parasite","volume":"93","author":"Mackaness","year":"1977","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.12703\/P6-13","article-title":"The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment","volume":"6","author":"Martinez","year":"2014","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0406249","article-title":"Biochemical and functional characterization of three activated macrophage populations","volume":"80","author":"Edwards","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1451","article-title":"Memory T(H)2 cells induce alternatively activated macrophages to mediate protection against nematode parasites","volume":"12","author":"Anthony","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2007.00973.x","article-title":"The divergent roles of alternatively activated macrophages in helminthic infections","volume":"29","author":"Reyes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.69.3.387","article-title":"Alternative versus classical macrophage activation during experimental African trypanosomosis","volume":"69","author":"Namangala","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1086\/648374","article-title":"Identification of a parasitic immunomodulatory protein triggering the development of suppressive M1 macrophages during African trypanosomiasis","volume":"200","author":"Gomez-Rodriguez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/35100529","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and innate immunity","volume":"1","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015","article-title":"Pathogen recognition and innate immunity","volume":"124","author":"Akira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-07-019307","article-title":"TLRs and innate immunity","volume":"113","author":"Beutler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"7","key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1391","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signalling","volume":"4","author":"Akira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxp017","article-title":"The roles of TLRs, RLRs and NLRs in pathogen recognition","volume":"21","author":"Kawai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.05.006","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity","volume":"34","author":"Kawai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh186","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in innate immunity","volume":"17","author":"Takeda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.3.1711","article-title":"Impaired production of proinflammatory cytokines and host resistance to acute infection with Trypanosoma cruzi in mice lacking functional myeloid differentiation factor 88","volume":"172","author":"Campos","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5928","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.10.5928","article-title":"Plasmodium berghei infection in mice induces liver injury by an IL-12- and toll-like receptor\/myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent mechanism","volume":"167","author":"Adachi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.5.3423","article-title":"Requirement of mitogen-activated protein kinases and I kappa B phosphorylation for induction of proinflammatory cytokines synthesis by macrophages indicates functional similarity of receptors triggered by glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors from parasitic protozoa and bacterial lipopolysaccharide","volume":"166","author":"Ropert","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.8.4237","article-title":"Genetically resistant mice lacking MyD88-adapter protein display a high susceptibility to Leishmania major infection associated with a polarized Th2 response","volume":"170","author":"Muraille","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6954","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.11.6954","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii triggers myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent IL-12 and chemokine ligand 2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) responses using distinct parasite molecules and host receptors","volume":"172","author":"Del Rio","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8606","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M413541200","article-title":"Induction of proinflammatory responses in macrophages by the glycosylphosphatidylinositols of Plasmodium falciparum: cell signaling receptors, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) structural requirement, and regulation of GPI activity","volume":"280","author":"Krishnegowda","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"11","key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.11.1563","article-title":"Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors of Plasmodium falciparum: molecular characterization and naturally elicited antibody response that may provide immunity to malaria pathogenesis","volume":"192","author":"Naik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.6.3515","article-title":"Cutting edge: TLR9 and TLR2 signaling together account for MyD88-dependent control of parasitemia in Trypanosoma cruzi infection","volume":"177","author":"Bafica","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir734","article-title":"Distinct toll-like receptor signals regulate cerebral parasite load and interferon alpha\/beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha-dependent T-cell infiltration in the brains of Trypanosoma brucei-infected mice","volume":"205","author":"Amin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6107(98)00056-X","article-title":"MAP kinase pathways","volume":"71","author":"Cobb","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog Biophys Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1 Pt 2","key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.31.1.152","article-title":"Growth factors and mitogen-activated protein kinases","volume":"31","author":"Force","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"5164","key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8197455","article-title":"Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins","volume":"264","author":"Darnell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.5.2623","article-title":"The JAK-STAT signaling pathway: input and output integration","volume":"178","author":"Murray","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"24","key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3372","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1485406","article-title":"Dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine on STAT1 dimers requires extensive spatial reorientation of the monomers facilitated by the N-terminal domain","volume":"20","author":"Mertens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00963","article-title":"The JAK\/STAT signaling pathway","volume":"117","author":"Rawlings","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0808503","article-title":"Multiple signaling pathways contribute to synergistic TLR ligand-dependent cytokine gene expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells","volume":"85","author":"Makela","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm909","article-title":"Stats: transcriptional control and biological impact","volume":"3","author":"Levy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.69.1.3","article-title":"MAP kinase activation in macrophages","volume":"69","author":"Rao","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1006\/scbi.1997.0057","article-title":"Rel\/NF-kappa B and I kappa B proteins: an overview","volume":"8","author":"May","year":"1997","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"issue":"14","key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182010001460","article-title":"Modulation of innate immunity by African trypanosomes","volume":"137","author":"Paulnock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"10","key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e110512","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110512","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi evades the protective role of interferon-gamma-signaling in parasite-infected cells","volume":"9","author":"Stahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2003101p59","article-title":"Activation of the cellular mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways ERK, P38 and JNK during Toxoplasma gondii invasion","volume":"10","author":"Valere","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00180.x","article-title":"Manipulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase\/nuclear factor-kappaB-signaling cascades during intracellular Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"201","author":"Denkers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.3.1466","article-title":"Glycosylinositolphosphate soluble variant surface glycoprotein inhibits IFN-gamma-induced nitric oxide production via reduction in STAT1 phosphorylation in African trypanosomiasis","volume":"171","author":"Coller","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3344","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802005","article-title":"Processing and presentation of variant surface glycoprotein molecules to T cells in African trypanosomiasis","volume":"183","author":"Dagenais","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1089\/107999099314423","article-title":"Cytokine mRNA profiles in trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible cattle infected with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma congolense: protective role for interleukin-4?","volume":"19","author":"Mertens","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00100.2006","article-title":"Cytokine mRNA profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense","volume":"28","author":"O\u2019Gorman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol Genomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1086\/381151","article-title":"P75 tumor necrosis factor-receptor shedding occurs as a protective host response during African trypanosomiasis","volume":"189","author":"Magez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4408","article-title":"Innate resistance to Trypanosoma congolense infections: differential production of nitric oxide by macrophages from susceptible BALB\/c and resistant C57Bl\/6 mice","volume":"92","author":"Kaushik","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.5.2135-2137.1994","article-title":"Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis leads to reduced parasitemia in murine Trypanosoma brucei infection","volume":"62","author":"Sternberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(92)90220-5","article-title":"Nitric oxide-mediated cytostatic activity on Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei","volume":"75","author":"Vincendeau","year":"1992","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59631","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059631","article-title":"Molecular regulation of Trypanosoma congolense-induced nitric oxide production in macrophages","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425913507488","article-title":"Diminazene aceturate (Berenil) modulates LPS induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production by inhibiting phosphorylation of MAPKs and STAT proteins","volume":"20","author":"Kuriakose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Innate Immun"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T09:24:00Z","timestamp":1692350640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/Article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00181\/abstract"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]]},"references-count":97,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00181","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]]}}}