{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:54:24Z","timestamp":1790373264726,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AIAI073911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AIAI073911"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,19]],"date-time":"2017-02-19T22:32:59Z","timestamp":1487543579000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Borrelia burgdorferi Manipulates Innate and Adaptive Immunity to Establish Persistence in Rodent Reservoir Hosts"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Karen E.","family":"Tracy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Baumgarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/4\/043001","article-title":"Few vertebrate species dominate the Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. life cycle","volume":"11","author":"Hofmeester","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.04.002","article-title":"Updates on Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex with respect to public health","volume":"2","author":"Rudenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"B3","author":"CDC","year":"2016"},{"issue":"7","key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.022","article-title":"Population genetics, taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato","volume":"11","author":"Margos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12855","article-title":"Genotyping of Borrelia from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded skin biopsies of cutaneous borreliosis and tick bite reactions by assays targeting the intergenic spacer region, ospA and ospC genes","volume":"171","author":"Brandt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.04.009","article-title":"Broad diversity of host responses of the white-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus to Borrelia infection and antigens","volume":"6","author":"Cook","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"B7","first-page":"959","article-title":"Chronic Lyme borreliosis in the laboratory mouse","volume":"143","author":"Barthold","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.1.161-168.1998","article-title":"Distinct characteristics of resistance to Borrelia burgdorferi-induced arthritis in C57BL\/6N mice","volume":"66","author":"Ma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2007.12.013","article-title":"Biology of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"22","author":"Tilly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118265","article-title":"The Lyme disease pathogen has no effect on the survival of its rodent reservoir host","volume":"10","author":"Voordouw","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2714","article-title":"Of ticks, mice and men: understanding the dual-host lifestyle of Lyme disease spirochaetes","volume":"10","author":"Radolf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.8.3521-3527.1994","article-title":"Genetic stability of Borrelia burgdorferi recovered from chronically infected immunocompetent mice","volume":"62","author":"Persing","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"6","key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101009","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101009","article-title":"Population bottlenecks during the infectious cycle of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"9","author":"Rego","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.598","article-title":"Longitudinal study of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi in a population of Peromyscus leucopus at a Lyme disease-enzootic site in Maryland","volume":"60","author":"Hofmeister","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8","key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1086\/382594","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a natural population of Peromyscus leucopus mice: a longitudinal study in an area where lyme borreliosis is highly endemic","volume":"189","author":"Bunikis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1996.0030","article-title":"Canary finches (Serinus canaria) as an avian infection model for Lyme borreliosis","volume":"20","author":"Olsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"9396","key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)14798-8","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis","volume":"362","author":"Stanek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2015.02.006","article-title":"Evolution and population genomics of the Lyme borreliosis pathogen, Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"31","author":"Seifert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/s0966-842x(01)02298-3","article-title":"Host association of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato \u2013 the key role of host complement","volume":"10","author":"Kurtenbach","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00434-12","article-title":"Experimental Infections of the Reservoir Species Peromyscus leucopus with Diverse Strains of Borrelia burgdorferi, a Lyme disease agent","volume":"3","author":"Baum","year":"2012","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"12","key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.12.2205","article-title":"Viral immune evasion due to persistence of activated T cells without effector function","volume":"188","author":"Zajac","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4911","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.8.4911-4927.2003","article-title":"Viral persistence alters CD8 T-cell immunodominance and tissue distribution and results in distinct stages of functional impairment","volume":"77","author":"Wherry","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.01.005","article-title":"Molecular and transcriptional basis of CD4(+) T cell dysfunction during chronic infection","volume":"40","author":"Crawford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"7562","key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14468","article-title":"T-cell exhaustion, co-stimulation and clinical outcome in autoimmunity and infection","volume":"523","author":"McKinney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2016.09.005","article-title":"T cell exhaustion and immune-mediated disease-the potential for therapeutic exhaustion","volume":"43","author":"McKinney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-100114-055226","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immune regulation during chronic viral infections","volume":"2","author":"Zuniga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.25.8.1564-1566.1987","article-title":"Seasonal prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in natural populations of white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus","volume":"25","author":"Anderson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-29.4.527","article-title":"Experimental infection of the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) with the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi)","volume":"29","author":"McLean","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.3.651","article-title":"Experimental Lyme disease in dogs produces arthritis and persistent infection","volume":"167","author":"Appel","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"B30","first-page":"146","article-title":"Chronic Lyme disease in the rhesus monkey","volume":"72","author":"Roberts","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lab Investig"},{"issue":"1","key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029914","article-title":"Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi in rhesus macaques following antibiotic treatment of disseminated infection","volume":"7","author":"Embers","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S73791","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis: a review of data on transmission time after tick attachment","volume":"8","author":"Cook","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00043","article-title":"Tick salivary compounds: their role in modulation of host defences and pathogen transmission","volume":"3","author":"Kazimirova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2015.07.005","article-title":"Modulation of host immunity by tick saliva","volume":"128","author":"Kotal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Proteomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401823","article-title":"Tick salivary sialostatin L represses the initiation of immune responses by targeting IRF4-dependent transcription in murine mast cells","volume":"195","author":"Klein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2848","article-title":"Cellular sources and immune functions of interleukin-9","volume":"10","author":"Noelle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14017","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14017","article-title":"A mast cell-ILC2-Th9 pathway promotes lung inflammation in cystic fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Moretti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.36.041602.134359","article-title":"Genetics of motility and chemotaxis of a fascinating group of bacteria: the spirochetes","volume":"36","author":"Charon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000090","article-title":"Real-time high resolution 3D imaging of the Lyme disease spirochete adhering to and escaping from the vasculature of a living host","volume":"4","author":"Moriarty","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2012.00980.x","article-title":"The role of Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface proteins","volume":"66","author":"Kenedy","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.05.011","article-title":"Bacterial adhesins in host-microbe interactions","volume":"5","author":"Kline","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"10","key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.08.013","article-title":"Biomechanics of Borrelia burgdorferi vascular Interactions","volume":"16","author":"Ebady","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00349-15","article-title":"A short-term Borrelia burgdorferi infection model identifies tissue tropisms and bloodstream survival conferred by adhesion proteins","volume":"83","author":"Caine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"6","key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12407","article-title":"Glycosaminoglycan binding by Borrelia burgdorferi adhesin BBK32 specifically and uniquely promotes joint colonization","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005404","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi BBK32 inhibits the classical pathway by blocking activation of the C1 complement complex","volume":"12","author":"Garcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"12","key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005333","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005333","article-title":"Intravital imaging of vascular transmigration by the lyme spirochete: requirement for the integrin binding residues of the B. burgdorferi P66 protein","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"10","key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003340","article-title":"Common and unique contributions of decorin-binding proteins A and B to the overall virulence of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"3","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9440(10)63359-7","article-title":"Protective niche for Borrelia burgdorferi to evade humoral immunity","volume":"165","author":"Liang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2013.06.005","article-title":"Illuminating the roles of the Borrelia burgdorferi adhesins","volume":"21","author":"Coburn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00041","article-title":"That\u2019s my story, and I\u2019m sticking to it-an update on B. burgdorferi adhesins","volume":"4","author":"Brissette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2013.81","article-title":"Dynamics of connective-tissue localization during chronic Borrelia burgdorferi infection","volume":"93","author":"Imai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab Investig"},{"issue":"8","key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3929","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.8.3929-3936.1999","article-title":"Plasmin-coated Borrelia burgdorferi degrades soluble and insoluble components of the mammalian extracellular matrix","volume":"67","author":"Coleman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"22","key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18831","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.323287","article-title":"Plasminogen is a complement inhibitor","volume":"287","author":"Barthel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1086\/380414","article-title":"Selective induction of matrix metalloproteinases by Borrelia burgdorferi via toll-like receptor 2 in monocytes","volume":"189","author":"Gebbia","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1086\/379039","article-title":"Selective up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in human erythema migrans skin lesions of acute Lyme disease","volume":"188","author":"Zhao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1128\/Iai.00214-09","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase 9 plays a key role in Lyme arthritis but not in dissemination of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"77","author":"Heilpern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"14","key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2009.04.025","article-title":"Complement evasion strategies of pathogens-acquisition of inhibitors and beyond","volume":"46","author":"Blom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-009-0572-y","article-title":"Complement inhibition by gram-positive pathogens: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"88","author":"Laarman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"issue":"11","key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2012.07.016","article-title":"Manipulating the mediator: modulation of the alternative complement pathway C3 convertase in health, disease and therapy","volume":"217","author":"Ricklin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.12.001","article-title":"Complement evasion by Borrelia burgdorferi: it takes three to tango","volume":"29","author":"de Taeye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00262","article-title":"Complement system part I \u2013 molecular mechanisms of activation and regulation","volume":"6","author":"Merle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00385","article-title":"Hide and seek: how lyme disease spirochetes overcome complement attack","volume":"7","author":"Kraiczy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.10.002","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi complement regulator-acquiring surface proteins (BbCRASPs): expression patterns during the mammal-tick infection cycle","volume":"298","author":"Bykowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2009.11.028","article-title":"Binding of the complement inhibitor C4b-binding protein to Lyme disease borreliae","volume":"47","author":"Pietikainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4696","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.11.4696-4702.1993","article-title":"Passive immunizing activity of sera from mice infected with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"61","author":"Barthold","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.1.36-42.1999","article-title":"Specificity of infection-induced immunity among Borrelia burgdorferi sensu late species","volume":"67","author":"Barthold","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"8","key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00048-08","article-title":"A genome-wide proteome array reveals a limited set of immunogens in natural infections of humans and white-footed mice with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"76","author":"Barbour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"9","key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5042","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.71.9.5042-5055.2003","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi population dynamics and prototype gene expression during infection of immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice","volume":"71","author":"Hodzic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"7","key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004976","article-title":"Suppression of long-lived humoral immunity following Borrelia burgdorferi infection","volume":"11","author":"Elsner","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"9","key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5190","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.68.9.5190-5197.2000","article-title":"T-Cell-independent responses to Borrelia burgdorferi are critical for protective immunity and resolution of lyme disease","volume":"68","author":"McKisic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"12","key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6096","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.12.6096","article-title":"T cell-mediated pathology in murine lyme borreliosis","volume":"164","author":"McKisic","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2016.65","article-title":"IgG subclass co-expression brings harmony to the quartet model of murine IgG function","volume":"94","author":"Collins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002066","article-title":"Lymphoadenopathy during lyme borreliosis is caused by spirochete migration-induced specific B cell activation","volume":"7","author":"Tunev","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"11","key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5612","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103735","article-title":"delays and diversions mark the development of B cell responses to Borrelia burgdorferi infection","volume":"188","author":"Hastey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1128\/Iai.02471-14","article-title":"CD4(+) T cells promote antibody production but not sustained affinity maturation during Borrelia burgdorferi infection","volume":"83","author":"Elsner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"9","key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3984","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00387-08","article-title":"The failure of immune response evasion by linear plasmid 28-1-deficient Borrelia burgdorferi is attributable to persistent expression of an outer surface protein","volume":"76","author":"Embers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124268","article-title":"Evaluation of the importance of VlsE antigenic variation for the enzootic cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"10","author":"Rogovskyy","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.69.6.3618-3627.2001","article-title":"Regulation of OspE-related, OspF-related, and Elp lipoproteins of Borrelia burgdorferi strain 297 by mammalian host-specific signals","volume":"69","author":"Hefty","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12882","article-title":"Stage-specific global alterations in the transcriptomes of Lyme disease spirochetes during tick feeding and following mammalian host adaptation","volume":"95","author":"Iyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020770","article-title":"Molecular adaptation of Borrelia burgdorferi in the murine host","volume":"196","author":"Liang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.6.2234-2239.1996","article-title":"Outer surface protein C (OspC), but not P39, is a protective immunogen against a tick-transmitted Borrelia burgdorferi challenge: evidence for a conformational protective epitope in OspC","volume":"64","author":"Gilmore","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"10","key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5470","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.10.5470-5472.1999","article-title":"An OspC-specific monoclonal antibody passively protects mice from tick-transmitted infection by Borrelia burgdorferi B31","volume":"67","author":"Mbow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"9","key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306845101","article-title":"Outer-surface protein C of the Lyme disease spirochete: a protein induced in ticks for infection of mammals","volume":"101","author":"Grimm","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3554","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01950-05","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi OspC protein required exclusively in a crucial early stage of mammalian infection","volume":"74","author":"Tilly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20011870","article-title":"An immune evasion mechanism for spirochetal persistence in Lyme borreliosis","volume":"195","author":"Liang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0605.000502","article-title":"Antigenic variation in vector-borne pathogens","volume":"6","author":"Barbour","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2009.01366.x","article-title":"\u2018Nothing is permanent but change\u2019 \u2013 antigenic variation in persistent bacterial pathogens","volume":"11","author":"Palmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004056","article-title":"Inactivation of genes for antigenic variation in the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia hermsii reduces infectivity in mice and transmission by ticks","volume":"10","author":"Raffel","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"6","key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MDNA3-0038-2014","article-title":"vls antigenic variation systems of lyme disease Borrelia: eluding host immunity through both random, segmental gene conversion and framework heterogeneity","volume":"2","author":"Norris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"11","key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6577","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.72.11.6577-6585.2004","article-title":"Effects of vlsE complementation on the infectivity of Borrelia burgdorferi lacking the linear plasmid lp28-1","volume":"72","author":"Lawrenz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"6","key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05895.x","article-title":"The role of VlsE antigenic variation in the Lyme disease spirochete: persistence through a mechanism that differs from other pathogens","volume":"65","author":"Bankhead","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061226","article-title":"Variable VlsE is critical for host reinfection by the lyme disease spirochete","volume":"8","author":"Rogovskyy","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3689","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.8.3689-3697.1998","article-title":"Kinetics and in vivo induction of genetic variation of vlsE in Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1739","key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.0005","article-title":"How do antigenically varying pathogens avoid cross-reactive responses to invariant antigens?","volume":"279","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00153-10","article-title":"Evolution and distribution of the ospC gene, a transferable serotype determinant of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"1","author":"Barbour","year":"2010","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"3","key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033280","article-title":"Genome stability of lyme disease spirochetes: comparative genomics of Borrelia burgdorferi plasmids","volume":"7","author":"Casjens","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-15-233","article-title":"BorreliaBase: a phylogeny-centered browser of Borrelia genomes","volume":"15","author":"Di","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"5","key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2205.151806","article-title":"Differences in genotype, clinical features, and inflammatory potential of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto strains from Europe and the United States","volume":"22","author":"Cerar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.4.2139-2150.2002","article-title":"Clonal polymorphism of Borrelia burgdorferi strain B31 MI: implications for mutagenesis in an infectious strain background","volume":"70","author":"Elias","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"11","key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4542","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01817-14","article-title":"Bacterial heterogeneity is a requirement for host superinfection by the Lyme disease spirochete","volume":"82","author":"Rogovskyy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"10","key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.10.4043-4047.1997","article-title":"Duration of immunity to reinfection with tick-transmitted Borrelia burgdorferi in naturally infected mice","volume":"65","author":"Piesman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1996.tb52958.x","article-title":"Long-term antibody production is sustained by antibody-secreting cells in the bone marrow following acute viral infection","volume":"797","author":"Slifka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.06.016","article-title":"Long-lived plasma cells are contained within the CD19(-)CD38(hi)CD138(+) subset in human bone marrow","volume":"43","author":"Halliley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"104","key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00104","article-title":"Population dynamics of Borrelia burgdorferi in Lyme disease","volume":"3","author":"Binder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01359-12","article-title":"The early dissemination defect attributed to disruption of decorin-binding proteins is abolished in chronic murine lyme borreliosis","volume":"81","author":"Imai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.01033-10","article-title":"Dissemination of persistent intestinal bacteria via the mesenteric lymph nodes causes typhoid relapse","volume":"79","author":"Griffin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-147","article-title":"Bioluminescence imaging to track bacterial dissemination of Yersinia pestis using different routes of infection in mice","volume":"12","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005137","article-title":"Rapid lymphatic dissemination of encapsulated group a streptococci via lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor-1 interaction","volume":"11","author":"Lynskey","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"9","key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902760","article-title":"disordered lymphoid purine metabolism contributes to the pathogenesis of persistent Borrelia garinii infection in mice","volume":"184","author":"Yegutkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00969-13","article-title":"MyD88-and TRIF-independent induction of type I interferon drives naive b cell accumulation but not loss of lymph node architecture in Lyme disease","volume":"82","author":"Hastey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.1.317","article-title":"Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi infection in mice induces strong B cell responses and striking but temporary changes in splenic cell distribution","volume":"171","author":"Achtman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2036","article-title":"Salmonella disrupts lymph node architecture by TLR4-mediated suppression of homeostatic chemokines","volume":"15","author":"St John","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm198908313210906","article-title":"Lyme disease","volume":"321","author":"Steere","year":"1989","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2004.11.006","article-title":"Histopathological studies of experimental Lyme disease in the dog","volume":"133","author":"Summers","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2003.00058.x","article-title":"Extrafollicular antibody responses","volume":"194","author":"MacLennan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.12.040194.001001","article-title":"Germinal centers","volume":"12","author":"MacLennan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2012.01125.x","article-title":"Germinal centers","volume":"247","author":"Shlomchik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2012.01124.x","article-title":"Germinal center selection and the development of memory B and plasma cells","volume":"247","author":"Shlomchik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.04.003","article-title":"Determining germinal centre B cell fate","volume":"33","author":"Zotos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2014.02.007","article-title":"Murine complement receptor 1 is required for germinal center B cell maintenance but not initiation","volume":"219","author":"Donius","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118494","article-title":"Effect of anti-interleukin 12 treatment on murine lyme borreliosis","volume":"97","author":"Anguita","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"9","key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5264","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.9.5264-5269.2001","article-title":"CD4+ T helper 1 cells facilitate regression of murine Lyme carditis","volume":"69","author":"Bockenstedt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"6","key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000090","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000090","article-title":"Real-time high resolution 3D imaging of the Lyme disease spirochete adhering to and escaping from the vasculature of a living host","volume":"4","author":"Moriarty","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"2","key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2009019","article-title":"Reviewing molecular adaptations of lyme borreliosis spirochetes in the context of reproductive fitness in natural transmission cycles","volume":"40","author":"Tsao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00337","article-title":"Ticks and tick-borne pathogens at the cutaneous interface: host defenses, tick countermeasures, and a suitable environment for pathogen establishment","volume":"4","author":"Wikel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00116\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,2]],"date-time":"2020-10-02T13:56:55Z","timestamp":1601647015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00116\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,20]]},"references-count":125,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00116","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,20]]}}}