{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T03:55:16Z","timestamp":1793678116921,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":229,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]],"date-time":"2017-03-13T05:01:42Z","timestamp":1489381302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["A Systematic Review of Immunological Studies of Erythema Nodosum Leprosum"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Polycarpou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana N. J.","family":"Lockwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9416","key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15952-7","article-title":"Leprosy","volume":"363","author":"Britton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"B2","first-page":"255","article-title":"Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system","volume":"34","author":"Ridley","year":"1966","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"7614","key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(69)90009-9","article-title":"Cell-mediated immunity in patients with leprosy","volume":"2","author":"Turk","year":"1969","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7777","key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)91962-9","article-title":"Evidence for circulating immune complexes in lepromatous leprosy","volume":"2","author":"Moran","year":"1972","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"B5","first-page":"559","article-title":"Epidemiologic characteristics of leprosy reactions","volume":"62","author":"Scollard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004065","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004065","article-title":"ENLIST 1: an international multi-centre cross-sectional study of the clinical features of erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"9","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"28","article-title":"The histopathology and histochemistry of erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"33","author":"Mabalay","year":"1965","journal-title":"Int J Lepr"},{"issue":"141","key":"B8","first-page":"17","article-title":"Ultrastructure of skin in erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"36","author":"Anthony","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cytobios"},{"issue":"1","key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(86)70008-X","article-title":"Erythema nodosum leprosum: nature and extent of the cutaneous microvascular alterations","volume":"14","author":"Murphy","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B10","first-page":"240","article-title":"The histopathology of type I (lepra) and type II (ENL) reactions in leprosy","volume":"58","author":"Sehgal","year":"1986","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr"},{"issue":"2","key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.94278","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of histopathology of 64 cases of lepra reactions","volume":"57","author":"Adhe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.84.1.51","article-title":"A study on histological features of lepra reactions in patients attending the Dermatology Department of the Government Medical College, Calicut, Kerala, India","volume":"84","author":"Sarita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"177","article-title":"Erythema nodosum leprosum. A clinico-pathologic study","volume":"32","author":"Job","year":"1964","journal-title":"Int J Lepr"},{"issue":"5","key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.868","article-title":"Clinical course of erythema nodosum leprosum: an 11-year cohort study in Hyderabad, India","volume":"74","author":"Pocaterra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003431","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003431","article-title":"Household costs of leprosy reactions (ENL) in rural India","volume":"9","author":"Chandler","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2690","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002690","article-title":"The mortality associated with erythema nodosum leprosum in ethiopia: a retrospective hospital-based study","volume":"8","author":"Walker","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g7647","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation","volume":"349","author":"Shamseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004651","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004651","article-title":"Neutrophils: between host defence, immune modulation, and tissue injury","volume":"11","author":"Kruger","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00471","article-title":"How neutrophils shape adaptive immune responses","volume":"6","author":"Leliefeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"B20","first-page":"385","article-title":"Histochemical study of erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) lesions","volume":"42","author":"Abalos","year":"1974","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"B21","first-page":"222","article-title":"Clinical and histological discrepancies in diagnosis of ENL reactions classified by assessment of acute phase proteins SAA and CRP","volume":"63","author":"Hussain","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"B22","first-page":"417","article-title":"Mechanisms of reactions in leprosy","volume":"39","author":"Waters","year":"1971","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"B23","first-page":"53","article-title":"The histopathology of acute panniculitis nodosa leprosa (erythema nodosum leprosum)","volume":"23","author":"Pepler","year":"1955","journal-title":"Int J Lepr"},{"issue":"4","key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1086\/650318","article-title":"Integrated pathways for neutrophil recruitment and inflammation in leprosy","volume":"201","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004955","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004955","article-title":"Expression of CD64 on circulating neutrophils favoring systemic inflammatory status in erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"10","author":"Schmitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(88)91206-6","article-title":"The structure and function of Fc receptors","volume":"9","author":"Hogg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"issue":"2","key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-44-2-135","article-title":"Increased expression of Fc gamma receptors on neutrophils and monocytes may reflect ongoing bacterial infection","volume":"44","author":"Herra","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2007.05.013","article-title":"Neutrophil CD64 expression is associated with severity and prognosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation","volume":"121","author":"Song","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.7.2295","article-title":"The effect of IFN-gamma and colony-stimulating factors on the expression of neutrophil cell membrane receptors","volume":"143","author":"Buckle","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2440","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002440","article-title":"A systematic review on the epidemiological data of erythema nodosum leprosum, a type 2 leprosy reaction","volume":"7","author":"Voorend","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"B31","first-page":"257","article-title":"Polymorphonuclear activation in leprosy. I. Spontaneous and endotoxin-stimulated reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium: effects of serum and plasma on endotoxin-induced activation","volume":"20","author":"Goihman-Yahr","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.21.3.959-965.1978","article-title":"Polymorphonuclear cell function in the various polar types of leprosy and erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"21","author":"Sher","year":"1978","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.65.3.364","article-title":"Neutrophils isolated from leprosy patients release TNF-alpha and exhibit accelerated apoptosis in vitro","volume":"65","author":"Oliveira","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198102263040904","article-title":"Immune-complex-mediated biologic effects","volume":"304","author":"Wiggins","year":"1981","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.40.100186.000333","article-title":"The role of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections","volume":"40","author":"Hoiby","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198608213150805","article-title":"The role of complement and its receptor in the elimination of immune complexes","volume":"315","author":"Schifferli","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7627","key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(69)90592-3","article-title":"Erythema nodosum leprosum: a clinical manifestation of the arthus phenomenon","volume":"2","author":"Wemambu","year":"1969","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"B38","first-page":"356","article-title":"Immunological methods employed in an attempt to induce erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) in mice","volume":"50","author":"Anthony","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lepr India"},{"issue":"2","key":"B39","first-page":"95","article-title":"The immunopathology of erythema nodosum leprosum: the role of extravascular complexes","volume":"54","author":"Ridley","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"B40","first-page":"211","article-title":"Changes in circulating antibody levels to the major phenolic glycolipid during erythema nodosum leprosum in leprosy patients","volume":"53","author":"Andreoli","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"B41","first-page":"225","article-title":"Identification of components of IC purified from human sera. II. Demonstration of mycobacterial antigens in immune complexes isolated from sera of lepromatous patients","volume":"51","author":"Chakrabarty","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00510372","article-title":"Associations of circulating immune complexes, clinical activity, and bacterial index in Japanese patients with leprosy","volume":"274","author":"Furukawa","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"B43","first-page":"215","article-title":"Presence of C1q-reactive immune complexes in patients with leprosy","volume":"12","author":"Rojas-Espinosa","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B44","first-page":"326","article-title":"Circulating complexes in leprosy studied by the platelet aggregation test. The platelet aggregation test and its relation to the Rubino test and other sero-immunological parameters in 135 patients with leprosy","volume":"34","author":"Wager","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"45","key":"B45","first-page":"3697","article-title":"[Immune complexes and complement in leprosy (author\u2019s transl)]","volume":"10","author":"Geniteau","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nouv Presse Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"B46","first-page":"388","article-title":"Immune complexes and complement hypercatabolism in patients with leprosy","volume":"26","author":"Bjorvatn","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B47","first-page":"33","article-title":"A simple method to quantitate circulating immune complexes in different diseases","volume":"32","author":"Jayapal","year":"1989","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B48","first-page":"553","article-title":"Reduced complement-mediated immune complex solubilization in leprosy patients","volume":"60","author":"Ramanathan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B49","first-page":"5","article-title":"Persistent reduced solubilization of immune complexes in lepromatous leprosy patients with reactions","volume":"59","author":"Ramanathan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1997.tb01073.x","article-title":"IgM anti-phenolic glycolipid I and IgG anti-10-kDa heat shock protein antibodies in sera and immune complexes isolated from leprosy patients with or without erythema nodosum leprosum and contacts","volume":"19","author":"Rojas","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/136.2.216","article-title":"Discrepancy between Clq deviation and Raji cell tests in detection of circulating immune complexes in patients with leprosy","volume":"136","author":"Tung","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"B52","first-page":"31","article-title":"Activation of complement by circulating immune complexes isolated from leprosy patients","volume":"58","author":"Tyagi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"B53","first-page":"562","article-title":"Suppressive effect of circulating immune complexes from leprosy patients on the lymphocyte proliferation induced by M. leprae antigens in healthy responders","volume":"60","author":"Tyagi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(82)90037-X","article-title":"Immune complexes in leprosy patients from an endemic and a nonendemic area and a longitudinal study of the relationship between complement breakdown products and the clinical activity of erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"22","author":"Valentijn","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"B55","first-page":"672","article-title":"The platelet aggregation test (PA) as an immunological method in virology","volume":"4","author":"Penttinen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Prog Immunobiol Stand"},{"issue":"2","key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1979.tb05567.x","article-title":"Detection of circulating immune complexes in some skin diseases by platelet aggregation test","volume":"100","author":"Yanase","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.1997.2620675.x","article-title":"Characterization of circulating immune complexes in leprosy patients and their correlation with specific antibodies against Mycobacterium leprae","volume":"22","author":"Rojas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu612","article-title":"Transcriptional changes that characterize the immune reactions of leprosy","volume":"211","author":"Dupnik","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"B59","first-page":"34","article-title":"A comparative study of the complementary activity of serum in the polar forms of leprosy and in the leprosy reaction","volume":"34","author":"de Azevedo","year":"1966","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.47878\/hi.1978.v3.35637","article-title":"Immunoglobulin deposits in erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL)","volume":"3","author":"Anthony","year":"1978","journal-title":"Hansen Int"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-53-4-636","article-title":"The significance of serum complement levels for the diagnosis and prognosis of acute and subacute glomerulonephritis and lupus erythematosus disseminatus","volume":"53","author":"Lange","year":"1960","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-75-4-555","article-title":"Serum complement component levels in human glomerulonephritis","volume":"75","author":"Lewis","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1159\/000046028","article-title":"Decreased apolipoprotein levels are associated with decreased complement levels in acute glomerulonephritis","volume":"88","author":"Ohi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"issue":"2","key":"B64","first-page":"313","article-title":"Complement-mediated solubilization of immune complexes. Solubilization inhibition and complement factor levels in SLE patients","volume":"55","author":"Baatrup","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2005.03.004","article-title":"Levels of complement in sera from inactive SLE patients, although decreased, do not influence in vitro uptake of apoptotic cells","volume":"24","author":"Grevink","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"3","key":"B66","first-page":"557","article-title":"Complement-mediated solubilization in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, nephritis or vasculitis","volume":"46","author":"Schifferli","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1993.tb03393.x","article-title":"Association of C4B deficiency (C4B*Q0) with erythema nodosum in leprosy","volume":"92","author":"de Messias","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B68","first-page":"3","article-title":"Inherited deficiency of the fourth component of human complement","volume":"1","author":"Hauptmann","year":"1988","journal-title":"Immunodefic Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1974.23.471","article-title":"Clinical correlates of C1Q-precipitating substances in the sera of patients with leprosy","volume":"23","author":"Gelber","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8","key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1980.tb02874.x","article-title":"Numerical changes in T cell subsets (T gamma and T mu) in leprosy patients","volume":"24","author":"Izumi","year":"1980","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B71","first-page":"454","article-title":"Serum immunoglobulin profile and C3 level in lepromatous leprosy patients","volume":"54","author":"Harikrishan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lepr India"},{"issue":"4","key":"B72","first-page":"253","article-title":"An appraisal of third complement component (C3) and breakdown product (C3d) in erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL)","volume":"53","author":"Saha","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919135","article-title":"Immunohistological studies of skin biopsies from patients with lepromatous leprosy","volume":"3","author":"Mshana","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(84)90270-8","article-title":"Isolation and analysis of circulating immune complexes in leprosy","volume":"32","author":"Ramanathan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B75","first-page":"44","article-title":"Polyethylene glycol precipitates in serum during and after erythema nodosum leprosum \u2013 study of their composition and anticomplementary activity","volume":"52","author":"Saha","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1986.tb02233.x","article-title":"Immunoprofile of reactions in leprosy","volume":"25","author":"Sehgal","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"B77","first-page":"559","article-title":"Solubilization of preformed immune complexes in sera of patients with type 1 and type 2 lepra reactions","volume":"56","author":"Chakrabarty","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"B78","first-page":"189","article-title":"Serum immune complexes in erythema nodosum leprosum reactions of leprosy","volume":"60","author":"Rao","year":"1988","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr"},{"issue":"2","key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1988.tb03209.x","article-title":"The effect of anti-reactional drugs on complement components in the type II, erythema nodosum leprosum, reaction","volume":"119","author":"Sehgal","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600042","article-title":"DNA sensing via TLR-9 constitutes a major innate immunity pathway activated during erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"197","author":"Dias","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1989.tb01306.x","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of complement components in the course of type I (Lepra) and type II (ENL) reactions","volume":"28","author":"Sehgal","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(92)90227-F","article-title":"Immune complexes and antibody levels in blisters over human leprosy skin lesions with or without erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"63","author":"Scollard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-13-0216","article-title":"CD4 T-cell subsets and tumor immunity: the helpful and the not-so-helpful","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.9.2.394-399.1974","article-title":"Thymus-dependent lymphocytes of peripheral blood in leprosy patients","volume":"9","author":"Lim","year":"1974","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"B85","first-page":"36","article-title":"Enhanced cell-mediated immune responses in erythema nodosum leprosum reactions of leprosy","volume":"55","author":"Rao","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"B86","first-page":"491","article-title":"Studies on T cell subsets and functions in leprosy","volume":"44","author":"Bach","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B87","first-page":"282","article-title":"Imbalances in T cell subpopulations in lepromatous leprosy","volume":"50","author":"Wallach","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"B88","first-page":"291","article-title":"Thymus dependent lymphocytes in leprosy. I. T lymphocyte subpopulations defined by monoclonal antibodies","volume":"50","author":"Mshana","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"B89","first-page":"623","article-title":"Differences in predominant T cell phenotypes and distribution pattern in reactional lesions of tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy","volume":"55","author":"Narayanan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916889","article-title":"Thymus-dependent lymphocytes in leprosy. II. Effect of chemotherapy on T-lymphocyte subpopulations","volume":"2","author":"Mshana","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1985.01660110027002","article-title":"Patients with erythema nodosum leprosum lack T-suppressor cells","volume":"121","author":"Wallach","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1080\/15321819.2014.978082","article-title":"CD4+, CD8+, CD3+ cell counts and CD4+\/CD8+ ratio among patients with mycobacterial diseases (leprosy, tuberculosis), HIV infections, and normal healthy adults: a comparative analysis of studies in different regions of India","volume":"36","author":"Hussain","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunoassay Immunochem"},{"issue":"6","key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780210608","article-title":"Studies of immune functions of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. I. Dysfunction of suppressor T-cell activity related to impaired generation of, rather than response to, suppressor cells","volume":"21","author":"Sakane","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.50.3.887-892.1985","article-title":"Natural emergence of antigen-reactive T cells in lepromatous leprosy patients during erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"50","author":"Laal","year":"1985","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/137.3.341","article-title":"Leprosy: a model of immunological perturbation in chronic infection","volume":"137","author":"Bullock","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"B96","first-page":"311","article-title":"Peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets in leprosy","volume":"52","author":"Rea","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"B97","first-page":"17","article-title":"In situ characterization of T lymphocyte subsets in the reactional states of leprosy","volume":"53","author":"Modlin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(83)70021-6","article-title":"T lymphocyte subsets in the skin lesions of patients with leprosy","volume":"8","author":"Modlin","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.121.2.216","article-title":"Tissue and blood T-lymphocyte subpopulations in erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"121","author":"Modlin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.3.883","article-title":"In situ and in vitro characterization of the cellular immune response in erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"136","author":"Modlin","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B101","first-page":"494","article-title":"In situ identification of activated Ta1+ T lymphocytes in human leprosy skin lesions","volume":"55","author":"Shen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"B102","first-page":"188","article-title":"Immunopathology of leprosy skin lesions","volume":"10","author":"Rea","year":"1991","journal-title":"Semin Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1999.00621.x","article-title":"Lesional T-cell subset in leprosy and leprosy reaction","volume":"38","author":"Mahaisavariya","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23395","article-title":"CD4+ Tregs and immune control","volume":"114","author":"Fehervari","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00762-12","article-title":"Lsr 2 of Mycobacterium leprae and its synthetic peptides elicit restitution of in vitro T cell responses in erythema nodosum leprosum and reversal reactions in lepromatous leprosy patients","volume":"20","author":"Saini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2338","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002338","article-title":"CD4+ Th17 cells discriminate clinical types and constitute a third subset of non Th1, Non Th2 T cells in human leprosy","volume":"7","author":"Saini","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04535.x","article-title":"Circulating CD4+ CD25 high FoxP3+ T cells vary in different clinical forms of leprosy","volume":"49","author":"Attia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00217","article-title":"Regulatory T-cells at the interface between human host and pathogens in infectious diseases and vaccination","volume":"6","author":"Boer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12529","article-title":"Serum Th1\/Th2 and macrophage lineage cytokines in leprosy; correlation with circulating CD4(+) CD25(high) FoxP3(+) T-regs cells","volume":"23","author":"Abdallah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-014-1486-2","article-title":"Serum Th17 cytokines in leprosy: correlation with circulating CD4(+) CD25 (high)FoxP3 (+) T-regs cells, as well as down regulatory cytokines","volume":"306","author":"Attia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-015-1729-x","article-title":"Monitoring regulatory T cells in clinical samples: consensus on an essential marker set and gating strategy for regulatory T cell analysis by flow cytometry","volume":"64","author":"Santegoets","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"3","key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1248","article-title":"No alterations in the frequency of FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells in type 1 diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Brusko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004592","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004592","article-title":"Leprosy reactions show increased Th17 cell activity and reduced FOXP3+ Tregs with concomitant decrease in TGF-beta and increase in IL-6","volume":"10","author":"Saini","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05214-11","article-title":"Imbalance of Th17 cells and regulatory T cells in tuberculous pleural effusion","volume":"18","author":"Ye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1086\/498216","article-title":"Effective treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum with thalidomide is associated with immune stimulation","volume":"192","author":"Haslett","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e3181b7fc56","article-title":"T regulatory cells and plasmocytoid dentritic cells in hansen disease: a new insight into pathogenesis?","volume":"32","author":"Massone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.12.012","article-title":"Plasticity of Foxp3(+) T cells reflects promiscuous Foxp3 expression in conventional T cells but not reprogramming of regulatory T cells","volume":"36","author":"Miyao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"2","key":"B118","first-page":"120","article-title":"Variations in dinitrochlorobenzene responsivity in untreated leprosy: evidence of a beneficial role for anergy","volume":"48","author":"Rea","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"B119","first-page":"111","article-title":"Cell-mediated immunity in amyloidosis secondary to lepromatous leprosy","volume":"27","author":"Anders","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B120","first-page":"197","article-title":"A study of cell mediated immunity in leprosy","volume":"53","author":"Dubey","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lepr India"},{"issue":"1","key":"B121","first-page":"75","article-title":"Mechanisms of T-cell unresponsiveness in leprosy","volume":"134D","author":"Bach","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B122","first-page":"321","article-title":"ConA-induced suppressor cells in lepromatous leprosy patients during and after erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"51","author":"Sasiain","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"B123","first-page":"601","article-title":"Tr, T mu and B lymphocytes in erythema nodosum leprosum reactions of leprosy","volume":"58","author":"Rao","year":"1986","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr"},{"issue":"5","key":"B124","first-page":"397","article-title":"[Study of T lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with leprosy, using incubation with theophylline]","volume":"16","author":"Bottasso","year":"1988","journal-title":"Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"B125","first-page":"391","article-title":"Serum lymphocytotoxic activity in leprosy","volume":"76","author":"Rasheed","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.57.3.951-956.1989","article-title":"Reduced suppressor cell response to Mycobacterium leprae in lepromatous leprosy","volume":"57","author":"Sasiain","year":"1989","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"B127","first-page":"107","article-title":"Studies of human leprosy lesions in situ using suction-induced blisters: cell changes with IgM antibody to PGL-1 and interleukin-2 receptor in clinical subgroups of erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"9","author":"Bhoopat","year":"1991","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B128","first-page":"218","article-title":"Correlation between TNF production, increase of plasma C-reactive protein level and suppression of T lymphocyte response to concanavalin A during erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"61","author":"Foss","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"B129","first-page":"88","article-title":"Evaluation of chemiluminescence, procoagulant activity and antigen presentation by monocytes from lepromatous leprosy patients with or without reactional episodes","volume":"65","author":"Santos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03477.x","article-title":"Lack of cytotoxic activity against Mycobacterium leprae 65-kD heat shock protein (hsp) in multibacillary leprosy patients","volume":"99","author":"de la Barrera","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651996000200004","article-title":"Immunological status of ENL (erythema nodosum leprosum) patients: its relationship to bacterial load and levels of circulating IL-2R","volume":"38","author":"Vieira","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"issue":"3","key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.74.3.206","article-title":"Thalidomide does not modify the ability of cells in leprosy patients to incorporate [3H]-thymidine when incubated with M. leprae antigens","volume":"74","author":"Tadesse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1489\/1544-581X(2004)0720149:LRHACI2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Leprosy reactions: humoral and cellular immune responses to M. leprae, 65kDa, 28kDa, and 18 kDa antigens","volume":"72","author":"Mohanty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.518","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, controlled dose comparison of thalidomide for treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"72","author":"Villahermosa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"B135","first-page":"325","article-title":"[Serological and cellular reactivity to mycobacterial proteins in Hansen\u2019s disease]","volume":"51","author":"Rada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Clin"},{"issue":"5","key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00762-12","article-title":"Lsr2 of Mycobacterium leprae and its synthetic peptides elicit restitution of T cell responses in erythema nodosum leprosum and reversal reactions in patients with lepromatous leprosy","volume":"20","author":"Saini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20153311","article-title":"T regulatory cells (TREG)(TCD4+CD25+FOXP3+) distribution in the different clinical forms of leprosy and reactional states","volume":"90","author":"Parente","year":"2015","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B138","first-page":"103","article-title":"Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta during leprosy reactional states","volume":"84","author":"Sarno","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.2.408","article-title":"The influence of thalidomide on the clinical and immunologic manifestation of erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"168","author":"Sampaio","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(92)90088-6","article-title":"Serum tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 in leprosy and during lepra reactions","volume":"63","author":"Parida","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B141","first-page":"1","article-title":"Low serum HDL-cholesterol is associated with raised tumor necrosis factor-alpha during ENL reactions","volume":"65","author":"Memon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1159\/000023926","article-title":"IgG antibody subclasses, tumor necrosis factor and IFN-gamma levels in patients with type II lepra reaction on thalidomide treatment","volume":"116","author":"Partida-Sanchez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03485.x","article-title":"Serum levels of interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, soluble interleukin-6R and soluble cell activation markers for monitoring response to treatment of leprosy reactions","volume":"150","author":"Iyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.82.4.371","article-title":"Serum cytokine profile in leprosy and its correlation with clinico-histopathological profile","volume":"82","author":"Madan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-339","article-title":"Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) correlate with disease status in leprosy","volume":"11","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1993.tb02816.x","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor: status in reactions in leprosy before and after treatment","volume":"32","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00510.x","article-title":"Pentoxifylline decreases in vivo and in vitro tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production in lepromatous leprosy patients with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL)","volume":"111","author":"Sampaio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1998.00381.x","article-title":"Cytokines in leprosy, I. Serum cytokine profile in leprosy","volume":"37","author":"Moubasher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e977","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000977","article-title":"Analysis of antibody and cytokine markers for leprosy nerve damage and reactions in the INFIR cohort in India","volume":"5","author":"Jadhav","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.175.6.1729","article-title":"Prolonged treatment with recombinant interferon gamma induces erythema nodosum leprosum in lepromatous leprosy patients","volume":"175","author":"Sampaio","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-75","article-title":"Potential plasma markers of Type 1 and Type 2 leprosy reactions: a preliminary report","volume":"9","author":"Stefani","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9140","key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)02197-7","article-title":"Randomised comparison of thalidomide versus placebo in toxic epidermal necrolysis","volume":"352","author":"Wolkenstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"21","key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199705223362103","article-title":"Thalidomide for the treatment of oral aphthous ulcers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS Clinical Trials Group","volume":"336","author":"Jacobson","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1086\/368126","article-title":"Thalidomide and a thalidomide analogue drug costimulate virus-specific CD8+ T cells in vitro","volume":"187","author":"Haslett","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.60.4.1441-1446.1992","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor production in patients with leprosy","volume":"60","author":"Barnes","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1993.1065","article-title":"In vitro tumor necrosis factor production by mononuclear cells from lepromatous leprosy patients and from patients with erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"67","author":"Santos","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1086\/315902","article-title":"T cell-monocyte contact enhances tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in response to Mycobacterium leprae","volume":"182","author":"Sampaio","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc052955","article-title":"Treatment of recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum with infliximab","volume":"355","author":"Faber","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e133","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq213","article-title":"Severe refractory erythema nodosum leprosum successfully treated with the tumor necrosis factor inhibitor etanercept","volume":"52","author":"Ramien","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2016.02.002","article-title":"Treatment of severe refractory erythema nodosum leprosum with tumor necrosis factor inhibitor etanercept","volume":"5","author":"Chowdhry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"issue":"5","key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1999.00622.x","article-title":"Cytokine mRNA expression in leprosy: a possible role for interferon-gamma and interleukin-12 in reactions (RR and ENL)","volume":"50","author":"Moraes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"B162","first-page":"S130","article-title":"Dysregulation of IL-4 expression in lepromatous leprosy patients with and without erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"71","author":"Nath","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(00)00271-6","article-title":"The effect of antigen presenting cells on the cytokine profiles of stable and reactional lepromatous leprosy patients","volume":"75","author":"Nath","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"issue":"6","key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00158.x","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory drugs block cytokine mRNA accumulation in the skin and improve the clinical condition of reactional leprosy patients","volume":"115","author":"Moraes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1998.00381.x","article-title":"Cytokines in leprosy, II. Effect of treatment on serum cytokines in leprosy","volume":"37","author":"Moubasher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-013-1411-0","article-title":"Assessment of serum level of interleukin-1b and interleukin-12 in leprosy: impact of previous bacillus calmitte guerin vaccination","volume":"306","author":"Sallam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3263","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003263","article-title":"Differential dermal expression of CCL17 and CCL18 in tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy","volume":"8","author":"Berrington","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"B168","first-page":"343","article-title":"A transient rise in agalactosyl IgG correlating with free interleukin 2 receptors, during episodes of erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"76","author":"Filley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.78.3.223","article-title":"Circulating cytokine profiles in leprosy patients","volume":"78","author":"Belgaumkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis208","article-title":"Genetic and immunological evidence implicates interleukin 6 as a susceptibility gene for leprosy type 2 reaction","volume":"205","author":"Sousa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.120723","article-title":"Estimation of serum level of interleukin-17 and interleukin-4 in leprosy, towards more understanding of leprosy immunopathogenesis","volume":"79","author":"Abdallah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B172","first-page":"262","article-title":"Soluble interleukin-2 receptors: levels in leprosy, and during and after type 1 (lepra) and type 2 (ENL) reactions","volume":"62","author":"Sehgal","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4154","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.59.11.4154-4160.1991","article-title":"Expression of adhesion molecules in leprosy lesions","volume":"59","author":"Sullivan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01376.x","article-title":"Production of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) by blood monocytes from patients with different clinical forms of leprosy","volume":"122","author":"Goulart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402010000200012","article-title":"The recurrence of leprosy reactional episodes could be associated with oral chronic infections and expression of serum IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IFN-gamma and IL-10","volume":"21","author":"Motta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Braz Dent J"},{"issue":"3","key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00896-09","article-title":"High matrix metalloproteinase production correlates with immune activation and leukocyte migration in leprosy reactional lesions","volume":"78","author":"Teles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"6","key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-012-9747-3","article-title":"Increased serum circulatory levels of interleukin 17F in type 1 reactions of leprosy","volume":"32","author":"Chaitanya","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1702","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001702","article-title":"Comparing the clinical and histological diagnosis of leprosy and leprosy reactions in the INFIR cohort of Indian patients with multibacillary leprosy","volume":"6","author":"Lockwood","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"B179","first-page":"626","article-title":"Lessons of leprosy: the emergence of TH17 cytokines during type II reactions (ENL) is teaching us about T-cell plasticity","volume":"11","author":"Martiniuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(77)90123-4","article-title":"Correlation of euglobulin immunoglobulin G levels with erythema nodosum leprosum in lepromatous leprosy","volume":"8","author":"Reichlin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B181","first-page":"500","article-title":"Suppressed natural killer cell activity during episodes of erythema nodosum leprosum in lepromatous leprosy","volume":"49","author":"Humphres","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12500088","article-title":"Serum macrophage migration inhibition activity in patients with leprosy","volume":"79","author":"Rea","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"B183","first-page":"133","article-title":"Antibodies to mycobacterial arabinomannan in leprosy: correlation with reactional states and variation during treatment","volume":"52","author":"Miller","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"B184","first-page":"394","article-title":"IgM antibodies against phenolic glycolipid I from Mycobacterium leprae in leprosy sera: relationship to bacterial index and erythema nodosum leprosum","volume":"2","author":"Schwerer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Leprol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B185","first-page":"93","article-title":"[HLA and leprosy in Dakar: distribution of histocompatibility antigens in leprous patients and their relationship to ENL reactions]","volume":"4","author":"Blavy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Leprol"},{"issue":"5","key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12354963","article-title":"IgM and IgG antibodies to phenolic glycolipid I from Mycobacterium leprae in leprosy: insight into patient monitoring, erythema nodosum leprosum, and bacillary persistence","volume":"86","author":"Levis","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.5.763","article-title":"Mycobacterial carbohydrate antigens for serological testing of patients with leprosy","volume":"156","author":"Levis","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1992.tb02526.x","article-title":"Lymphocyte adenosine deaminase activity (L-ADA) in leprosy, during and after treatment of reactions","volume":"17","author":"Sehgal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5702","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.12.5702-5705.1994","article-title":"Critical residues of the Mycobacterium leprae LSR recombinant protein discriminate clinical activity in erythema nodosum leprosum reactions","volume":"62","author":"Singh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"B190","first-page":"105","article-title":"Selective decrease of M. leprae-specific IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies in leprosy patients associated with ENL","volume":"64","author":"Kifayet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-860.x","article-title":"Erythema nodosum leprosum is associated with up-regulation of polyclonal IgG1 antibody synthesis","volume":"106","author":"Kifayet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1159\/000023831","article-title":"Levels of IgG subclasses in active and inactive cases in the disease spectrum of leprosy","volume":"115","author":"Beuria","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"B193","first-page":"475","article-title":"Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in the clinical forms of leprosy","volume":"66","author":"Freire","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"B194","first-page":"356","article-title":"Assessment of anti-PGL-I as a prognostic marker of leprosy reaction","volume":"66","author":"Stefani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"B195","first-page":"422","article-title":"Determination of circulating IgG subclasses against lipoarabinomannan in the leprosy spectrum and reactions","volume":"67","author":"Beuria","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01312.x","article-title":"Serum neopterin as a marker for reactional states in leprosy","volume":"24","author":"Hamerlinck","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2000.00908.x","article-title":"Mast cells in leprosy and leprosy reaction","volume":"39","author":"Mahaisavariya","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B198","first-page":"355","article-title":"High dose prednisolone treatment of leprosy patients undergoing reactions is associated with a rapid decrease in urinary nitric oxide metabolites and clinical improvement","volume":"71","author":"Schon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"issue":"2A","key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2003000200010","article-title":"Mast cell subsets and neuropeptides in leprosy reactions","volume":"61","author":"Antunes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"B200","first-page":"129","article-title":"[Increase in nitric oxide concentrations in serum and mononuclear cell cultures from patients with Type II reaction state of Hansen\u2019s disease]","volume":"44","author":"Rada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Clin"},{"issue":"4","key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0019-2805.2004.01836.x","article-title":"High expression of myeloid-related proteins 8 and 14 characterizes an inflammatorily active but ineffective response of macrophages during leprosy","volume":"111","author":"Sunderkotter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.13780","article-title":"Serum adenosine deaminase levels in reactional and non-reactional leprosy","volume":"71","author":"Nigam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"issue":"4","key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.78.4.386","article-title":"Increased level of urinary nitric oxide metabolites in leprosy patients during type 2 reactions and decreased after antireactional therapy","volume":"78","author":"Mohanty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2006.02291.x","article-title":"Expression of B7-1 costimulatory molecules in patients with multibacillary leprosy and reactional states","volume":"32","author":"Santos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01951.x","article-title":"Utility of measuring serum levels of anti-PGL-I antibody, neopterin and C-reactive protein in monitoring leprosy patients during multi-drug treatment and reactions","volume":"12","author":"Silva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"B206","first-page":"67","article-title":"Association between leprosy reactions after treatment and bacterial load evaluated using anti PGL-I serology and bacilloscopy","volume":"41","author":"Brito Mde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2009.02.003","article-title":"Increased chitotriosidase activity in serum of leprosy patients: association with bacillary leprosy","volume":"131","author":"Iyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2012.06.011","article-title":"Molecular mimicry between HSP 65 of Mycobacterium leprae and cytokeratin 10 of the host keratin; role in pathogenesis of leprosy","volume":"278","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2015.04.001","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor expression levels determine the severity and complexity of disease progression among leprosy reaction patients","volume":"6","author":"Mandal","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"issue":"9","key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1086\/651559","article-title":"Common polymorphisms in the NOD2 gene region are associated with leprosy and its reactive states","volume":"201","author":"Berrington","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822010000300014","article-title":"[NRAMP1 gene polymorphisms in individuals with leprosy reactions attended at two reference centers in Recife, northeastern Brazil]","volume":"43","author":"Teixeira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit133","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) N248S single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with leprosy risk and regulates immune activation during mycobacterial infection","volume":"208","author":"de Sales Marques","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1086\/599121","article-title":"Polymorphism N248S in the human toll-like receptor 1 gene is related to leprosy and leprosy reactions","volume":"199","author":"Schuring","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"22","key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5918","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-03-340281","article-title":"Sex differences in resident immune cell phenotype underlie more efficient acute inflammatory responses in female mice","volume":"118","author":"Scotland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0769-2625(88)90034-7","article-title":"Responses to Mycobacterium leprae by lymphocytes from new and old leprosy patients: role of exogenous lymphokines","volume":"139","author":"Tan Trao","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Inst Pasteur Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120134","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.120134","article-title":"Neutrophil heterogeneity in health and disease: a revitalized avenue in inflammation and immunity","volume":"2","author":"Beyrau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0161548","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161548","article-title":"Role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and biochemical markers in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes: correlation with age and glycemic condition in diabetic human subjects","volume":"11","author":"Fatima","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.19.4.495","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo effects of dapsone on neutrophil and lymphocyte functions in normal individuals and patients with lepromatous leprosy","volume":"19","author":"Anderson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"B219","first-page":"19","article-title":"Changes in neutrophil motility accompanying dapsone and rifampicin therapy","volume":"52","author":"Anderson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.27.2.257","article-title":"Enhancement by clofazimine and inhibition by dapsone of production of prostaglandin E2 by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro","volume":"27","author":"Anderson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"8181","key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)91772-9","article-title":"Dapsone and anti-dapsone antibody in circulating immune complexes in leprosy patients","volume":"1","author":"Das","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1998.00485.x","article-title":"Changes in cellular response to mycobacterial antigens and cytokine production patterns in leprosy patients during multiple drug therapy","volume":"94","author":"Trao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.10.010","article-title":"Plasma levels of chemokines during leprosy specific treatment","volume":"113","author":"Mendonca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.06.012","article-title":"Effects of prototypical drug-metabolizing enzyme inducers on mRNA expression of housekeeping genes in primary cultures of human and rat hepatocytes","volume":"346","author":"Nishimura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.04.041","article-title":"How steroids steer T cells","volume":"7","author":"Libert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00170409","article-title":"Steroids induce a disequilibrium of secreted interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1beta synthesis by human neutrophils","volume":"37","author":"Langereis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"3","key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2006.11.019","article-title":"Differential surface expression of CD18 and CD44 by neutrophils in bone marrow and spleen contributed to the neutrophilia in thalidomide-treated female B6C3F1 mice","volume":"218","author":"Auttachoat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2014.12.038","article-title":"Immune modulatory effect of thalidomide on T cells","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"issue":"1","key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.08.046","article-title":"Thalidomide modulates Mycobacterium leprae-induced NF-kappaB pathway and lower cytokine response","volume":"670","author":"Hernandez Mde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00233\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]],"date-time":"2024-06-22T19:12:34Z","timestamp":1719083554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00233\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]},"references-count":229,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00233","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,13]]}}}