{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:46:50Z","timestamp":1790801210162,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,9]],"date-time":"2018-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531094400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1112870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1112870"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,9]],"date-time":"2018-07-09T07:31:46Z","timestamp":1531121506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["A Review of DNA Vaccines Against Influenza"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Leo Yi Yang","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard","family":"Izzard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aeron C.","family":"Hurt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Influenza (Seasonal) \u2013 Fact Sheet","year":"2018"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17-00707","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.43.17-00707","article-title":"Low interim influenza vaccine effectiveness, Australia, 1 May to 24 September 2017","volume":"22","author":"Sullivan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6706a2","article-title":"Interim estimates of 2017\u201318 seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness \u2013 United States, February 2018","volume":"67","author":"Flannery","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1086047","article-title":"Influenza: can we cope better with the unpredictable?","volume":"12","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2014.951630","article-title":"DNA vaccines against tuberculosis","volume":"14","author":"Bruffaerts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6959","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00183-14","article-title":"Enhanced immunogenicity of an HIV-1 DNA vaccine delivered with electroporation via combined intramuscular and intradermal routes","volume":"88","author":"Mann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.4161\/21645515.2014.980686","article-title":"DNA vaccine for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.043","article-title":"Correlates of protection: novel generations of influenza vaccines","volume":"26","author":"Rimmelzwaan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2014_1873","article-title":"DNA vaccines against influenza","volume":"61","author":"Stachyra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Pol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines1030225","article-title":"Vector design for improved DNA vaccine efficacy, safety and production","volume":"1","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2014.968556","article-title":"Production and purification of plasmid DNA vaccines: is there scope for further innovation?","volume":"13","author":"Xenopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilv009","article-title":"Large animal models for vaccine development and testing","volume":"56","author":"Gerdts","year":"2015","journal-title":"ILAR J"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.21775\/cimb.022.129","article-title":"DNA vaccine delivery and improved immunogenicity","volume":"22","author":"Porter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.7.6.783","article-title":"Animal models in influenza vaccine testing","volume":"7","author":"van der Laan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.09.148","article-title":"Animal models for the preclinical evaluation of candidate influenza vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Bodewes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177127","article-title":"Pathogenesis and transmission of Swine-Origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus in ferrets","volume":"325","author":"Munster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.007823","article-title":"The ferret as a model organism to study influenza A virus infection","volume":"4","author":"Belser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.05.011","article-title":"Immune responses to infection with H5N1 influenza virus","volume":"178","author":"Rimmelzwaan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2015.4.1.1","article-title":"Improvement of DNA vaccination by adjuvants and sophisticated delivery devices: vaccine-platforms for the battle against infectious diseases","volume":"4","author":"Grunwald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Vaccine Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2016.1124762","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms for enhanced DNA vaccine immunogenicity","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00097-12","article-title":"Traditional and new influenza vaccines","volume":"26","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385034-8.00003-X","article-title":"Influenza vaccines: the good, the bad, and the eggs","volume":"77","author":"Schultz-Cherry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.07.038","article-title":"Impact of a severe influenza vaccine shortage on primary care practice","volume":"33","author":"Kempe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2007.06.005","article-title":"A systematic analysis of influenza vaccine shortage policies","volume":"122","author":"Uscher-Pines","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0139958","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139958","article-title":"Assessing antigenic drift of seasonal influenza A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses","volume":"10","author":"Tewawong","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw635","article-title":"2014\u20132015 influenza vaccine effectiveness in the United States by vaccine type","volume":"63","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000457","article-title":"Effects of egg-adaptation on receptor-binding and antigenic properties of recent influenza A (H3N2) vaccine viruses","volume":"97","author":"Parker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00271-6","article-title":"DNA and RNA-based vaccines: principles, progress and prospects","volume":"18","author":"Leitner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600893","article-title":"Antigen targeting to human HLA class II molecules increases efficacy of DNA vaccination","volume":"197","author":"Grodeland","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4951","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.9.4951","article-title":"Efficient priming of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by DNA vaccination depends on appropriate targeting of sufficient levels of immunologically relevant antigen to appropriate processing pathways","volume":"169","author":"Rush","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines3020239","article-title":"Developing universal influenza vaccines: hitting the nail, not just on the head","volume":"3","author":"Wiersma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(93)90385-B","article-title":"Protection against a lethal influenza virus challenge by immunization with a haemagglutinin-expressing plasmid DNA","volume":"11","author":"Robinson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S50","DOI":"10.1086\/514176","article-title":"DNA immunization for influenza virus: studies using hemagglutinin- and nucleoprotein-expressing DNAs","volume":"176","author":"Robinson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis641","article-title":"Localized mucosal response to intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine in adults","volume":"207","author":"Barr\u00eda","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3350","article-title":"Cellular immune correlates of protection against symptomatic pandemic influenza","volume":"19","author":"Sridhar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.085","article-title":"Universal influenza vaccines: shifting to better vaccines","volume":"34","author":"Berlanda Scorza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8456302","article-title":"Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding a viral protein","volume":"259","author":"Ulmer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1303.061125","article-title":"Matrix protein 2 vaccination and protection against influenza viruses, including subtype H5N1","volume":"13","author":"Tompkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00091-15","article-title":"Protective efficacy of the conserved NP, PB1, and M1 proteins as immunogens in DNA- and vaccinia virus-based universal influenza A virus vaccines in mice","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.02.061","article-title":"A polyvalent influenza A DNA vaccine induces heterologous immunity and protects pigs against pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection","volume":"31","author":"Bragstad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.08.053","article-title":"Vaccination focusing immunity on conserved antigens protects mice and ferrets against virulent H1N1 and H5N1 influenza A viruses","volume":"27","author":"Price","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0189780","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189780","article-title":"Multigenic DNA vaccine induces protective cross-reactive T cell responses against heterologous influenza virus in nonhuman primates","volume":"12","author":"Koday","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.05.062","article-title":"Complete protection against a H5N2 avian influenza virus by a DNA vaccine expressing a fusion protein of H1N1 HA and M2e","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00018","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00018-10","article-title":"Influenza virus vaccine based on the conserved hemagglutinin stalk domain","volume":"1","author":"Steel","year":"2010","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-127","article-title":"Protective efficacy of a broadly cross-reactive swine influenza DNA vaccine encoding M2e, cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope and consensus H3 hemagglutinin","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2017.49.2.117","article-title":"Humoral and cellular immunogenicity induced by avian influenza A (H7N9) DNA vaccine in mice","volume":"49","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Chemother"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.09.086","article-title":"Broad cross-protective anti-hemagglutination responses elicited by influenza microconsensus DNA vaccine","volume":"36","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13538","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806901105","article-title":"A consensus\u2013hemagglutinin-based DNA vaccine that protects mice against divergent H5N1 influenza viruses","volume":"105","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.12.023","article-title":"A multi-valent vaccine approach that elicits broad immunity within an influenza subtype","volume":"27","author":"Huber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2432","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002432","article-title":"Multivalent HA DNA vaccination protects against highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza infection in chickens and mice","volume":"3","author":"Rao","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11628","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01065-06","article-title":"Hemagglutinin (HA) proteins from H1 and H3 serotypes of influenza A viruses require different antigen designs for the induction of optimal protective antibody responses as studied by codon-optimized HA DNA vaccines","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.02.090","article-title":"Codon-optimization of the hemagglutinin gene from the novel swine origin H1N1 influenza virus has differential effects on CD4+ T-cell responses and immune effector mechanisms following DNA electroporation in mice","volume":"28","author":"Tenbusch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0599-y","article-title":"Codon optimization of antigen coding sequences improves the immune potential of DNA vaccines against avian influenza virus H5N1 in mice and chickens","volume":"13","author":"Stachyra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.03.009","article-title":"Enhanced protective efficacy of H5 subtype avian influenza DNA vaccine with codon optimized HA gene in a pCAGGS plasmid vector","volume":"75","author":"Jiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28757","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028757","article-title":"Polyvalent DNA vaccines expressing HA antigens of H5N1 influenza viruses with an optimized leader sequence elicit cross-protective antibody responses","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01340","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01340-17","article-title":"A DNA vaccine that targets hemagglutinin to antigen presenting cells protects mice against H7 influenza","volume":"91","author":"Andersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1690918","article-title":"Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo","volume":"247","author":"Wolff","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.7.8.16274","article-title":"Transcutaneous and intradermal vaccination","volume":"7","author":"Combadiere","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4635","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.9.4635","article-title":"Increased DNA vaccine delivery and immunogenicity by electroporation in vivo","volume":"164","author":"Widera","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00223-0","article-title":"IL-6 induces long-term protective immunity against a lethal challenge of influenza virus","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-110-3_19","article-title":"Optimizing particle-mediated epidermal delivery of an influenza DNA vaccine in ferrets","volume":"940","author":"Yager","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05663-11","article-title":"Influenza virus h5 DNA vaccination is immunogenic by intramuscular and intradermal routes in humans","volume":"19","author":"Ledgerwood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59340","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059340","article-title":"DNA vaccine delivered by a needle-free injection device improves potency of priming for antibody and CD8+ T-cell responses after rAd5 boost in a randomized clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"Graham","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0123969","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123969","article-title":"Phase 1 study of pandemic H1 DNA vaccine in healthy adults","volume":"10","author":"Crank","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201000326","article-title":"Targeted, needle-free vaccinations in skin using multilayered, densely-packed dissolving microprojection arrays","volume":"6","author":"Raphael","year":"2010","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2012.03.010","article-title":"Increased immunogenicity of avian influenza DNA vaccine delivered to the skin using a microneedle patch","volume":"81","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.06.045","article-title":"Influenza nucleoprotein DNA vaccination by a skin targeted, dry coated, densely packed microprojection array (Nanopatch) induces potent antibody and CD8(+) T cell responses","volume":"237","author":"Fernando","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2012.69","article-title":"DNA vaccination in the skin using microneedles improves protection against influenza","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14054","DOI":"10.1038\/mtm.2014.54","article-title":"DNA vaccination strategy targets epidermal dendritic cells, initiating their migration and induction of a host immune response","volume":"1","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1006\/mthe.2001.0483","article-title":"Electroporation-facilitated delivery of plasmid DNA in skeletal muscle: plasmid dependence of muscle damage and effect of poloxamer 188","volume":"4","author":"Hartikka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.24702","article-title":"Tolerability of intramuscular and intradermal delivery by CELLECTRA(\u00ae) adaptive constant current electroporation device in healthy volunteers","volume":"9","author":"Diehl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.11.052","article-title":"Characterization of guinea pig T cell responses elicited after EP-assisted delivery of DNA vaccines to the skin","volume":"35","author":"Schultheis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1011987","article-title":"Vector optimization and needle-free intradermal application of a broadly protective polyvalent influenza A DNA vaccine for pigs and humans","volume":"11","author":"Borggren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4624","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02335-08","article-title":"Electroporation of synthetic DNA antigens offers protection in nonhuman primates challenged with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus","volume":"83","author":"Laddy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.01.001","article-title":"The interaction between respiratory pathogens and mucus","volume":"19","author":"Zanin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00900","article-title":"Nasal IgA provides protection against human influenza challenge in volunteers with low serum influenza antibody titre","volume":"8","author":"Gould","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-012-0085-z","article-title":"Strategies for intranasal delivery of vaccines","volume":"3","author":"Zaman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Deliv Transl Res"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10133","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1610750113","article-title":"Human mucosal-associated invariant T cells contribute to antiviral influenza immunity via IL-18-dependent activation","volume":"113","author":"Loh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics6030378","article-title":"Intranasal DNA vaccine for protection against respiratory infectious diseases: the delivery perspectives","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines3010148","article-title":"Choice and design of adjuvants for parenteral and mucosal vaccines","volume":"3","author":"Savelkoul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.222","article-title":"Intranasal DNA vaccination induces potent mucosal and systemic immune responses and cross-protective immunity against influenza viruses","volume":"19","author":"Torrieri-Dramard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-15-60","article-title":"Effective pulmonary delivery of an aerosolized plasmid DNA vaccine via surface acoustic wave nebulization","volume":"15","author":"Rajapaksa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2014.1004026","article-title":"Advances in aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvant research and its mechanism","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00151-6","article-title":"Enhancement of DNA vaccine potency using conventional aluminum adjuvants","volume":"18","author":"Ulmer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.21775\/cimb.022.017","article-title":"Molecular adjuvants for DNA vaccines","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0410217","article-title":"gp130 at the nexus of inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer","volume":"88","author":"Silver","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.4989","article-title":"IL-6 trans-signaling via the soluble IL-6 receptor: importance for the pro-inflammatory activities of IL-6","volume":"8","author":"Rose-John","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.2.1704-1708.1998","article-title":"Coadministration of DNA encoding interleukin-6 and hemagglutinin confers protection from influenza virus challenge in mice","volume":"72","author":"Larsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2011.59","article-title":"Molecular adjuvant HMGB1 enhances anti-influenza immunity during DNA vaccination","volume":"18","author":"Fagone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11021","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011021","article-title":"GM-CSF increases mucosal and systemic immunogenicity of an H1N1 influenza DNA vaccine administered into the epidermis of non-human primates","volume":"5","author":"Loudon","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00574-1","article-title":"Induction of immune responses by DNA vaccines in large animals","volume":"21","author":"Babiuk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0350068","article-title":"Gene delivery by cationic lipids: in and out of an endosome","volume":"35","author":"Hoekstra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.3.5.4175","article-title":"Vaxfectin-formulated influenza DNA vaccines encoding NP and M2 viral proteins protect mice against lethal viral challenge","volume":"3","author":"Jimenez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1086\/588431","article-title":"Plasmid DNA-based vaccines protect mice and ferrets against lethal challenge with A\/Vietnam\/1203\/04 (H5N1) influenza virus","volume":"197","author":"Lalor","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.01.029","article-title":"Phase 1 clinical trials of the safety and immunogenicity of adjuvanted plasmid DNA vaccines encoding influenza A virus H5 hemagglutinin","volume":"28","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27605","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027605","article-title":"Intranasal delivery of cationic PLGA nano\/microparticles-loaded FMDV DNA vaccine encoding IL-6 elicited protective immunity against FMDV challenge","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.04.027","article-title":"Effective humoral immune response from a H1N1 DNA vaccine delivered to the skin by microneedles coated with PLGA-based cationic nanoparticles","volume":"265","author":"Seok","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.07.005","article-title":"Intranasal chitosan-DNA vaccines that protect across influenza virus subtypes","volume":"473","author":"Sawaengsak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0115476","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115476","article-title":"Oral priming with replicating adenovirus serotype 4 followed by subunit H5N1 vaccine boost promotes antibody affinity maturation and expands H5N1 cross-clade neutralization","volume":"10","author":"Khurana","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.09.009","article-title":"Immune efficacy of an adenoviral vector-based swine influenza vaccine against antigenically distinct H1N1 strains in mice","volume":"147","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171174","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171174","article-title":"Supplementation of inactivated influenza vaccine with norovirus P particle-M2e chimeric vaccine enhances protection against heterologous virus challenge in chickens","volume":"12","author":"Elaish","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.06.017","article-title":"A boosting skin vaccination with dissolving microneedle patch encapsulating M2e vaccine broadens the protective efficacy of conventional influenza vaccines","volume":"261","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.04.073","article-title":"Heterologous HA DNA vaccine prime \u2013 inactivated influenza vaccine boost is more effective than using DNA or inactivated vaccine alone in eliciting antibody responses against H1 or H3 serotype influenza viruses","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21942","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021942","article-title":"Influenza H5 hemagglutinin DNA primes the antibody response elicited by the live attenuated influenza A\/Vietnam\/1203\/2004 vaccine in ferrets","volume":"6","author":"Suguitan","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2017.01.025","article-title":"A prime\/boost vaccination with HA DNA and Pichia-produced HA protein elicits a strong humoral response in chickens against H5N1","volume":"232","author":"Stachyra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0125914","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125914","article-title":"DNA priming for seasonal influenza vaccine: a phase 1b double-blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Ledgerwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2015.08.006","article-title":"Phase I clinical evaluation of seasonal influenza hemagglutinin (HA) DNA vaccine prime followed by trivalent influenza inactivated vaccine (IIV3) boost","volume":"44","author":"Ledgerwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-197","article-title":"A single dose of DNA vaccine based on conserved H5N1 subtype proteins provides protection against lethal H5N1 challenge in mice pre-exposed to H1N1 influenza virus","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit180","article-title":"Prime-boost interval matters: a randomized phase 1 study to identify the minimum interval necessary to observe the H5 DNA influenza vaccine priming effect","volume":"208","author":"Ledgerwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-017-0016-6","article-title":"An avian influenza H7 DNA priming vaccine is safe and immunogenic in a randomized phase I clinical trial","volume":"2","author":"DeZure","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.21775\/cimb.022.079","article-title":"DNA vaccines: regulatory considerations and safety aspects","volume":"22","author":"Myhr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"B112","volume-title":"First DNA Vaccine Licensed for Chickens","year":"2017"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9710","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.17.9710-9715.2003","article-title":"Protective efficacy of an AIDS vaccine, a single DNA priming followed by a single booster with a recombinant replication-defective Sendai virus vector, in a macaque AIDS model","volume":"77","author":"Takeda","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.09.017","article-title":"Potent specific immune responses induced by prime-boost-boost strategies based on DNA, adenovirus, and Sendai virus vectors expressing gag gene of Chinese HIV-1 subtype B","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2015.86","article-title":"Intradermal delivery of DNA encoding HCV NS3 and perforin elicits robust cell-mediated immunity in mice and pigs","volume":"23","author":"Grubor-Bauk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43531","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43531","article-title":"Preclinical evaluation of multi antigenic HCV DNA vaccine for the prevention of hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33105-7","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of two Zika virus DNA vaccine candidates in healthy adults: randomised, open-label, phase 1 clinical trials","volume":"391","author":"Gaudinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1708120","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of an anti-Zika virus DNA vaccine \u2013 preliminary report","author":"Tebas","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01568\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T10:08:40Z","timestamp":1604570920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01568\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,9]]},"references-count":118,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01568","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,9]]},"article-number":"1568"}}