{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T05:55:27Z","timestamp":1792043727790,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]],"date-time":"2018-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534896000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 106-2811-B-197-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 106-2811-B-197-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 105-2628-B-197-001-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 105-2628-B-197-001-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]],"date-time":"2018-08-22T04:30:53Z","timestamp":1534912253000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Repositioning of the \u03b2-Blocker Carvedilol as a Novel Autophagy Inducer That Inhibits the NLRP3 Inflammasome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Wei-Ting","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan-Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yerra Koteswara","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Ping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Meng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Chung","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Feng","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557515666151016125948","article-title":"Beta-blockers: current state of knowledge and perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Ogrodowczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mini Rev Med Chem."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(03)00459-0","article-title":"Carvedilol, a new antioxidative beta-blocker, blocks in vitro human peripheral blood T cell activation by downregulating NF-kappaB activity","volume":"59","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.10.032","article-title":"Carvedilol suppresses cartilage matrix destruction","volume":"480","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2015.12.020","article-title":"Carvedilol protects the kidneys of tumor-bearing mice without impairing the biodistribution or the genotoxicity of cisplatin","volume":"245","author":"Carvalho Rodrigues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"52","article-title":"Effects of carvedilol on plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with ischemic and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"34","author":"Kurum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tex Heart Inst J."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3280127948","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of carvedilol in cardiovascular disease","volume":"25","author":"Dandona","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hypertens."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3893","article-title":"Inflammasomes: mechanism of action, role in disease, and therapeutics","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.95","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"13","author":"Jo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.161","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome in acute myocardial infarction","volume":"15","author":"Toldo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20171848","article-title":"A new lead to NLRP3 inhibition","volume":"214","author":"Lamkanfi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S51250","article-title":"Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome in chronic inflammatory diseases: current perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Ozaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201600055","article-title":"Design, synthesis, and evaluation of acrylamide derivatives as direct NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors","volume":"11","author":"Cocco","year":"2016","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20171419","article-title":"Identification of a selective and direct NLRP3 inhibitor to treat inflammatory disorders","volume":"214","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3A0415-155RR","article-title":"Sulforaphane inhibits multiple inflammasomes through an Nrf2-independent mechanism","volume":"99","author":"Greaney","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3806","article-title":"A small molecule inhibitior of the NLRP3 inflammasome is a potential therapeutic for inflammatory diseases","volume":"21","author":"Coll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08938","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasomes are required for atherogenesis and activated by cholesterol crystals","volume":"464","author":"Duewell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04516","article-title":"Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome","volume":"440","author":"Martinon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24903","article-title":"Resveratrol inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by preserving mitochondrial integrity and augmenting autophagy","volume":"230","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00227-x","article-title":"CLICs-dependent chloride efflux is an essential and proximal upstream event for NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100613","article-title":"Cutting edge: reactive oxygen species inhibitors block priming, but not activation, of the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"187","author":"Bauernfeind","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32926","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.579961","article-title":"The lysosome rupture-activated TAK1-JNK pathway regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"289","author":"Okada","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10806","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00675-11","article-title":"Adenovirus type 5 rupture of lysosomes leads to cathepsin B-dependent mitochondrial stress and production of reactive oxygen species","volume":"85","author":"McGuire","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09663","article-title":"A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"469","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.02.008","article-title":"Unified polymerization mechanism for the assembly of ASC-dependent inflammasomes","volume":"156","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1980","article-title":"Autophagy proteins regulate innate immune responses by inhibiting the release of mitochondrial DNA mediated by the NALP3 inflammasome","volume":"12","author":"Nakahira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.02.013","article-title":"Autophagy and inflammasomes","volume":"86","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Immunol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1159\/000477112","article-title":"Salidroside attenuates ventilation induced lung injury via SIRT1-dependent inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5987-2_1","article-title":"Activation of the innate immune receptors: guardians of the micro galaxy: activation and functions of the innate immune receptors","volume":"1024","author":"De Nardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2017.05.001","article-title":"Interleukin-1\u03b2 as emerging therapeutic target in hematological malignancies and potentially in their complications","volume":"31","author":"Arranz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu203","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory therapies for cardiovascular disease","volume":"35","author":"Ridker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.10.027","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome pathways in atherosclerosis","volume":"267","author":"Baldrighi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-206432","article-title":"When gout goes to the heart: does gout equal a cardiovascular disease risk factor?","volume":"74","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87552","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087552","article-title":"Activation of Nlrp3 inflammasomes enhances macrophage lipid-deposition and migration: implication of a novel role of inflammasome in atherogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2231","article-title":"Sensing and reacting to microbes through the inflammasomes","volume":"13","author":"Franchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901363","article-title":"Cutting edge: NF-kappaB activating pattern recognition and cytokine receptors license NLRP3 inflammasome activation by regulating NLRP3 expression","volume":"183","author":"Bauernfeind","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-012-0555-2","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide\/adenosine triphosphate-mediated signal transduction in the regulation of NLRP3 protein expression and caspase-1-mediated interleukin-1\u03b2 secretion","volume":"62","author":"Liao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-009-0318-2","article-title":"The inhibition in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced attenuation in endothelial thrombomodulin expression by carvedilol is mediated by nuclear factor-kappaB and reactive oxygen species","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2006.11.008","article-title":"Carvedilol, a nonselective beta-blocker, suppresses the production of tumor necrosis factor and tissue factor by inhibiting early growth response factor-1 expression in human monocytes in vitro","volume":"149","author":"Mizuochi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transl Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66391","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066391","article-title":"Carvedilol decrease IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1, inhibits MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-2, and RANKL expression, and up-regulates OPG in a rat model of periodontitis","volume":"8","author":"De Araujo","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B40","first-page":"143","article-title":"Carvedilol and adrenergic agonists suppress the lipopolysaccharide-induced NO production in RAW 264","volume":"60","author":"Pekarova","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2007-0079","article-title":"Sirtuin functions in health and disease","volume":"21","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14105","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140714105","article-title":"Resveratrol inhibits ionizing irradiation induced inflammation in MSCs by activating SIRT1 and limiting NLRP-3 inflammasome activation","volume":"14","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2016.07.018","article-title":"SIRT1 inhibits inflammatory response partly through regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome in vascular endothelial cells","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Immunol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)10363-7","article-title":"Carvedilol, a new vasodilator and beta adrenoceptor antagonist, is an antioxidant and free radical scavenger","volume":"263","author":"Yue","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(96)00097-1","article-title":"Carvedilol-liposome interaction: evidence for strong association with the hydrophobic region of the lipid bilayers","volume":"1284","author":"Cheng","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)02245-2","article-title":"Cysteine regulation of protein function-as exemplified by NMDA-receptor modulation","volume":"25","author":"Lipton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.200800427","article-title":"Chemical modification of proteins at cysteine: opportunities in chemistry and biology","volume":"4","author":"Chalker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem Asian J."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.05.067","article-title":"Carvedilol inhibits Kir2","volume":"668","author":"Ferrer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.10.059","article-title":"Carvedilol blocks cardiac KATP and KG but not IK1 channels by acting at the bundle-crossing regions","volume":"529","author":"Kikuta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01920\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T13:09:48Z","timestamp":1751807388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01920\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01920"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01920","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,22]]},"article-number":"1920"}}