{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T23:05:08Z","timestamp":1792710308843,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]],"date-time":"2018-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]],"date-time":"2018-11-13T01:46:11Z","timestamp":1542073571000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"title":["Unraveling SSc Pathophysiology; The Myofibroblast"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Arjan","family":"van Caam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madelon","family":"Vonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"van den Hoogen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"van Lent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"van der Kraan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32834ff2e8","article-title":"Epidemiology of systemic sclerosis: incidence, prevalence, survival, risk factors, malignancy, and environmental triggers","volume":"24","author":"Barnes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000214","article-title":"Genetics of systemic sclerosis: recent advances","volume":"27","author":"Ramos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"89","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological differences between men and women with systemic sclerosis: a study in a Spanish systemic sclerosis cohort and literature review","volume":"35","author":"Freire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-016-3533-1","article-title":"Occupational and environmental scleroderma. Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Rubio-Rivas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.07.012","article-title":"Quality of life in systemic sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2014.05.010","article-title":"Mortality and survival in systemic sclerosis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Rubio-Rivas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30277","article-title":"Life expectancy, standardized mortality ratios, and causes of death in six rheumatic diseases in Hong Kong, China","volume":"63","author":"Mok","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02147594","article-title":"Presence of modified fibroblasts in granulation tissue and their possible role in wound contraction","volume":"27","author":"Gabbiani","year":"1971","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.135.4.719","article-title":"Granulation tissue as a contractile organ","volume":"135","author":"Gabbiani","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2010.181","article-title":"Temporal spatial expression and function of non-muscle myosin II isoforms IIA and IIB in scar remodeling","volume":"91","author":"Bond","year":"2011","journal-title":"Laborat Invest."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E02-11-0729","article-title":"Alpha-smooth muscle actin is crucial for focal adhesion maturation in myofibroblasts","volume":"14","author":"Hinz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4104","article-title":"The myofibroblast matrix: implications for tissue repair and fibrosis","volume":"229","author":"Klingberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pathol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00123","article-title":"Fibroblasts in fibrosis: novel roles and mediators","volume":"5","author":"Kendall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2011-0446OC","article-title":"Adenoviral gene transfer of endothelin-1 in the lung induces pulmonary fibrosis through the activation of focal adhesion kinase","volume":"47","author":"Lagares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Res Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27307","article-title":"Endothelin 1 contributes to the effect of transforming growth factor beta1 on wound repair and skin fibrosis","volume":"62","author":"Lagares","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200704042","article-title":"Myofibroblast contraction activates latent TGF-beta1 from the extracellular matrix","volume":"179","author":"Wipff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2015.05.006","article-title":"The extracellular matrix and transforming growth factor-beta1: Tale of a strained relationship","volume":"47","author":"Hinz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4230","article-title":"Scleroderma pathogenesis: a pivotal role for fibroblasts as effector cells","volume":"15","author":"Gilbane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.135.6.1351","article-title":"Connective tissue synthesis by scleroderma skin fibroblasts in cell culture","volume":"135","author":"Leroy","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"585","article-title":"Smooth muscle differentiation in scleroderma fibroblastic cells","volume":"137","author":"Sappino","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3655","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22186","article-title":"Myofibroblasts and hyalinized collagen as markers of skin disease in systemic sclerosis","volume":"54","author":"Kissin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew003","article-title":"The relationship between skin symptoms and the scleroderma modification of the health assessment questionnaire, the modified Rodnan skin score, and skin pathology in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"55","author":"Ziemek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R35","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3267","article-title":"Histopathological cutaneous alterations in systemic sclerosis: a clinicopathological study","volume":"13","author":"Van Praet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthrit Res Ther."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"733","article-title":"Myofibroblast induction and microvascular alteration in scleroderma lung fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Beon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol."},{"key":"B25","first-page":"1716","article-title":"Growth and characterization of fibroblasts obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage of patients with scleroderma","volume":"19","author":"Ludwicka","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22940","article-title":"Severe fibrosis and increased expression of fibrogenic cytokines in the gastric wall of systemic sclerosis patients","volume":"56","author":"Manetti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1113","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1790","article-title":"Shared expression of phenotypic markers in systemic sclerosis indicates a convergence of pericytes and fibroblasts to a myofibroblast lineage in fibrosis","volume":"7","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.10415","article-title":"Normal skin wound and hypertrophic scar myofibroblasts have differential responses to apoptotic inductors","volume":"198","author":"Moulin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"56","article-title":"Apoptosis mediates the decrease in cellularity during the transition between granulation tissue and scar","volume":"146","author":"Desmouliere","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2013.02.024","article-title":"Apoptosome structure, assembly, and procaspase activation","volume":"21","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02825-7","article-title":"Release of cytochrome C from bax pores at the mitochondrial membrane","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2009.47","article-title":"Bid: a Bax-like BH3 protein","volume":"27","author":"Billen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200107)44:7<1667::AID-ART291>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Decreased susceptibility to Fas-induced apoptosis of systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblasts","volume":"44","author":"Santiago","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-015-2408-0","article-title":"c-Abl silencing reduced the inhibitory effects of TGF-beta1 on apoptosis in systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblasts","volume":"405","author":"Karimizadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200419603","article-title":"Imatinib mesylate inhibits the profibrogenic activity of TGF-beta and prevents bleomycin-mediated lung fibrosis","volume":"114","author":"Daniels","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"aal3765","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal3765","article-title":"Targeted apoptosis of myofibroblasts with the BH3 mimetic ABT-263 reverses established fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Lagares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Trans Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200010)43:10<2230::AID-ANR10>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Role of apoptosis and transforming growth factor beta1 in fibroblast selection and activation in systemic sclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Jelaska","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32231","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32231","article-title":"TGF-beta1 promotes scar fibroblasts proliferation and transdifferentiation via up-regulating MicroRNA-21","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2012.06.001","article-title":"Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency contributes to resistance of scleroderma fibroblasts to Fas-mediated apoptosis","volume":"67","author":"Samuel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-108043","article-title":"The unexpected role of acid sphingomyelinase in cell death and the pathophysiology of common diseases","volume":"22","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13308","article-title":"Inhibition of MicroRNA-21 induces apoptosis in dermal fibroblasts of patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"55","author":"Jafarinejad-Farsangi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-009-0017-1","article-title":"Tissue stiffness, latent TGF-beta1 activation, and mechanical signal transduction: implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Hinz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21246","article-title":"Involvement of alphavbeta5 integrin-mediated activation of latent transforming growth factor beta1 in autocrine transforming growth factor beta signaling in systemic sclerosis fibroblasts","volume":"52","author":"Asano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.041306","article-title":"Increased expression of integrin alphavbeta5 induces the myofibroblastic differentiation of dermal fibroblasts","volume":"168","author":"Asano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2003-0063OC","article-title":"Smad3 mediates transforming growth factor-beta-induced alpha-smooth muscle actin expression","volume":"29","author":"Hu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2007.00468.x","article-title":"Effect of TGF-beta\/Smad signaling pathway on lung myofibroblast differentiation","volume":"28","author":"Gu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3770","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI94753","article-title":"Fibroblast-specific TGF-beta-Smad2\/3 signaling underlies cardiac fibrosis","volume":"127","author":"Khalil","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.216101","article-title":"Smad3 signaling critically regulates fibroblast phenotype and function in healing myocardial infarction","volume":"107","author":"Dobaczewski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circul Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15909","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015909","article-title":"PPAR-gamma ligands repress TGFbeta-induced myofibroblast differentiation by targeting the PI3K\/Akt pathway: implications for therapy of fibrosis","volume":"6","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33483","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.504290","article-title":"Akt1 mediates alpha-smooth muscle actin expression and myofibroblast differentiation via myocardin and serum response factor","volume":"288","author":"Abdalla","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0002OC","article-title":"Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase\/akt regulates bleomycin-induced fibroblast proliferation and collagen production","volume":"42","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14272","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14612-5","article-title":"Involvement of ER stress, PI3K\/AKT activation, and lung fibroblast proliferation in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"7","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0361","article-title":"p38 inhibitors prevent TGF-beta-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation in human tenon fibroblasts","volume":"47","author":"Meyer-Ter-Vehn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0116995","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116995","article-title":"SMAD-independent down-regulation of caveolin-1 by TGF-beta: effects on proliferation and survival of myofibroblasts","volume":"10","author":"Sanders","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M306248200","article-title":"Activation of the pro-survival phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase\/AKT pathway by transforming growth factor-beta1 in mesenchymal cells is mediated by p38 MAPK-dependent induction of an autocrine growth factor","volume":"279","author":"Horowitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25427","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.646984","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming is required for myofibroblast contractility and differentiation","volume":"290","author":"Bernard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00801-2","article-title":"E2F4\/5 and p107 as Smad cofactors linking the TGFbeta receptor to c-myc repression","volume":"110","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2710","article-title":"The mechanisms underlying fibroblast apoptosis regulated by growth factors during wound healing","volume":"221","author":"Akasaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pathol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.175.5.1227","article-title":"Selective upregulation of platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptors by transforming growth factor beta in scleroderma fibroblasts","volume":"175","author":"Yamakage","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19276","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19276","article-title":"Focal adhesion kinase regulates fibroblast migration via integrin beta-1 and plays a central role in fibrosis","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.01.003","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta and platelet-derived growth factor modulation of myofibroblast development from corneal fibroblasts in vitro","volume":"120","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1734","article-title":"Activation of canonical Wnt signalling is required for TGF-beta-mediated fibrosis","volume":"3","author":"Akhmetshina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200568","article-title":"Beta-catenin is a central mediator of pro-fibrotic Wnt signaling in systemic sclerosis","volume":"71","author":"Beyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34424","article-title":"Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling is hyperactivated in systemic sclerosis and induces Smad-dependent fibrotic responses in mesenchymal cells","volume":"64","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.493","article-title":"Fibronectin splice variants: understanding their multiple roles in health and disease using engineered mouse models","volume":"63","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.142.3.873","article-title":"The fibronectin domain ED-A is crucial for myofibroblastic phenotype induction by transforming growth factor-beta1","volume":"142","author":"Serini","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200708-1291OC","article-title":"An essential role for fibronectin extra type III domain A in pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"177","author":"Muro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Critic Care Med."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0050OC","article-title":"Matrix stiffness-induced myofibroblast differentiation is mediated by intrinsic mechanotransduction","volume":"47","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16850","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1316764110","article-title":"Activation of MRTF-A-dependent gene expression with a small molecule promotes myofibroblast differentiation and wound healing","volume":"110","author":"Velasquez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44116","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.276931","article-title":"Myocardin-related transcription factor-A complexes activate type I collagen expression in lung fibroblasts","volume":"286","author":"Luchsinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2015.07.013","article-title":"MKL1 is an epigenetic modulator of TGF-beta induced fibrogenesis","volume":"1849","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4472","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e11-04-0335","article-title":"Beta-catenin and Smad3 regulate the activity and stability of myocardin-related transcription factor during epithelial-myofibroblast transition","volume":"22","author":"Charbonney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L344","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00300.2014","article-title":"Mechanosignaling through YAP and TAZ drives fibroblast activation and fibrosis","volume":"308","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3278","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015121354","article-title":"Yap\/Taz Deletion in Gli(+) Cell-derived myofibroblasts attenuates fibrosis","volume":"28","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.08.011","article-title":"YAP1 is a driver of myofibroblast differentiation in normal and diseased fibroblasts","volume":"185","author":"Piersma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11642","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11642","article-title":"Context-dependent switch in chemo\/mechanotransduction via multilevel crosstalk among cytoskeleton-regulated MRTF and TAZ and TGFbeta-regulated Smad3","volume":"7","author":"Speight","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.11.3091","article-title":"Direct binding of Smad3 and Smad4 to critical TGF beta-inducible elements in the promoter of human plasminogen activator inhibitor-type 1 gene","volume":"17","author":"Dennler","year":"1998","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200955","article-title":"Clinical and pathological significance of interleukin 6 overexpression in systemic sclerosis","volume":"71","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.013","article-title":"Blockade of interleukin-6 receptor alleviates disease in mouse model of scleroderma","volume":"180","author":"Kitaba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700109","article-title":"IL-6 modulates alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in dermal fibroblasts from IL-6-deficient mice","volume":"126","author":"Gallucci","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01236-6","article-title":"Activation of STAT3 integrates common profibrotic pathways to promote fibroblast activation and tissue fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e17-06-0342","article-title":"STAT3 controls COL1A2 enhancer activation cooperatively with JunB, regulates type I collagen synthesis posttranscriptionally, and is essential for lung myofibroblast differentiation","volume":"29","author":"Papaioannou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.15-273953","article-title":"STAT-3 contributes to pulmonary fibrosis through epithelial injury and fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation","volume":"30","author":"Pedroza","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2848","article-title":"Lineage tracing and genetic ablation of ADAM12(+) perivascular cells identify a major source of profibrotic cells during acute tissue injury","volume":"18","author":"Dulauroy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.12703\/P5-37","article-title":"Origins of fibrosis: pericytes take centre stage","volume":"5","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"2013","journal-title":"F1000Prime Rep."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7556","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.12.7556","article-title":"Peripheral blood fibrocytes: differentiation pathway and migration to wound sites","volume":"166","author":"Abe","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-1536-4-15","article-title":"Altered monocyte and fibrocyte phenotype and function in scleroderma interstitial lung disease: reversal by caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide","volume":"4","author":"Tourkina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fibrogen Tissue Repair"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38990","article-title":"Myofibroblasts in murine cutaneous fibrosis originate from adiponectin-positive intradermal progenitors","volume":"67","author":"Marangoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30312","article-title":"Canonical Wnt signaling induces skin fibrosis and subcutaneous lipoatrophy: a novel mouse model for scleroderma?","volume":"63","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.06.005","article-title":"FIZZ1-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation from adipocytes and its potential role in dermal fibrosis and lipoatrophy","volume":"185","author":"Martins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88362","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088362","article-title":"The in vivo fibrotic role of FIZZ1 in pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210229","article-title":"Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition contributes to endothelial dysfunction and dermal fibrosis in systemic sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Manetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39421","article-title":"Endothelial cells expressing endothelial and mesenchymal cell gene products in Systemic Sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease lung tissues","volume":"68","author":"Mendoza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.03.019","article-title":"Endothelial to mesenchymal transition contributes to endothelial dysfunction in pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"185","author":"Good","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13180","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605669103","article-title":"Alveolar epithelial cell mesenchymal transition develops in vivo during pulmonary fibrosis and is regulated by the extracellular matrix","volume":"103","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0134092","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134092","article-title":"Partially evoked epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with increased TGFbeta signaling within lesional scleroderma skin","volume":"10","author":"Nikitorowicz-Buniak","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.23701.x","article-title":"Constitutive phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase is involved in the myofibroblast differentiation of scleroderma fibroblasts","volume":"124","author":"Mimura","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213031","article-title":"Therapeutic interleukin-6 blockade reverses transforming growth factor-beta pathway activation in dermal fibroblasts: insights from the faSScinate clinical trial in systemic sclerosis","author":"Denton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211501","article-title":"The histone demethylase Jumonji domain-containing protein 3 (JMJD3) regulates fibroblast activation in systemic sclerosis","volume":"77","author":"Bergmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-201615","article-title":"Inhibition of H3K27 histone trimethylation activates fibroblasts and induces fibrosis","volume":"72","author":"Kramer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2012.12.001","article-title":"The Fra-2 transgenic mouse model of systemic sclerosis","volume":"58","author":"Maurer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vascul Pharmacol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1002\/art.25056","article-title":"The transcription factor Fra-2 regulates the production of extracellular matrix in systemic sclerosis","volume":"62","author":"Reich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-016-0559-z","article-title":"The IL-1 cytokine family and its role in inflammation and fibrosis in the lung","volume":"38","author":"Borthwick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91559","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091559","article-title":"Interleukin-1beta attenuates myofibroblast formation and extracellular matrix production in dermal and lung fibroblasts exposed to transforming growth factor-beta1","volume":"9","author":"Mia","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1159\/000073718","article-title":"Potential action of IL-4 and IL-13 as fibrogenic factors on lung fibroblasts in vitro","volume":"132","author":"Saito","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27296","article-title":"Akt1 in murine chondrocytes controls cartilage calcification during endochondral ossification under physiologic and pathologic conditions","volume":"62","author":"Fukai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.113760","article-title":"IL-4, IL-13, and dexamethasone augment fibroblast proliferation in asthma","volume":"107","author":"Kraft","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)35380-7","article-title":"Interleukin-13 modulates collagen homeostasis in human skin and keloid fibroblasts","volume":"292","author":"Oriente","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302470","article-title":"Blockade of IL-6 Trans signaling attenuates pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"193","author":"Le","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9952","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.545822","article-title":"Interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans signaling drives a STAT3-dependent pathway that leads to hyperactive transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling promoting SMAD3 activation and fibrosis via Gremlin protein","volume":"289","author":"O'Reilly","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1159\/000075073","article-title":"Interleukin-10 suppresses proliferation and remodeling of extracellular matrix of cultured human skin fibroblasts","volume":"36","author":"Moroguchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Surg Res."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117618","article-title":"Interleukin-10 modulates type I collagen and matrix metalloprotease gene expression in cultured human skin fibroblasts","volume":"94","author":"Reitamo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-017-0622-5","article-title":"IL-10 improves cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction by stimulating M2 macrophage polarization and fibroblast activation","volume":"112","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.1.560","article-title":"Intracellular regulation of Fas-induced apoptosis in human fibroblasts by extracellular factors and cycloheximide","volume":"172","author":"Santiago","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R151","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4334","article-title":"Th17 cells favor inflammatory responses while inhibiting type I collagen deposition by dermal fibroblasts: differential effects in healthy and systemic sclerosis fibroblasts","volume":"15","author":"Brembilla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100591","article-title":"Impaired IL-17 signaling pathway contributes to the increased collagen expression in scleroderma fibroblasts","volume":"188","author":"Nakashima","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B117","first-page":"14","article-title":"Th17 cells and IL-17 promote the skin and lung inflammation and fibrosis process in a bleomycin-induced murine model of systemic sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Lei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.463","article-title":"IL-22 promotes fibroblast-mediated wound repair in the skin","volume":"133","author":"McGee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36099","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M505291200","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha increases collagen accumulation and proliferation in intestinal myofibroblasts via TNF receptor 2","volume":"280","author":"Theiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2004.07.020","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha induces human atrial myofibroblast proliferation, invasion and MMP-9 secretion: inhibition by simvastatin","volume":"64","author":"Porter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6040","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.11.6040","article-title":"TNF-alpha stimulation of fibroblast proliferation","volume":"154","author":"Battegay","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20067","article-title":"TNF-alpha in vivo stimulates apoptosis in fibroblasts through caspase-8 activation and modulates the expression of pro-apoptotic genes","volume":"201","author":"Alikhani","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005-0155OC","article-title":"TNF-alpha sensitizes normal and fibrotic human lung fibroblasts to Fas-induced apoptosis","volume":"34","author":"Frankel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700890","article-title":"TNF-alpha suppresses alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in human dermal fibroblasts: an implication for abnormal wound healing","volume":"127","author":"Goldberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12319207","article-title":"Antagonistic effects of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 on fibroblast cultures","volume":"109","author":"Serpier","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780290706","article-title":"Inhibition of excessive scleroderma fibroblast collagen production by recombinant gamma-interferon","volume":"29","author":"Rosenbloom","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.00-0233com","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of TGF-(beta) antagonism by interferon (gamma) and cyclosporine A in lung fibroblasts","volume":"15","author":"Eickelberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0460OC","article-title":"Oncostatin M modulates fibroblast function via signal transducers and activators of transcription proteins-3","volume":"49","author":"Nagahama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704769","article-title":"Oncostatin M stimulates proliferation, induces collagen production and inhibits apoptosis of human lung fibroblasts","volume":"136","author":"Scaffidi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.4.2149","article-title":"Oncostatin M stimulates the growth of dermal fibroblasts via a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway","volume":"165","author":"Ihn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24666","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.39.24666","article-title":"Oncostatin M stimulates transcription of the human alpha2(I) collagen gene via the Sp1\/Sp3-binding site","volume":"272","author":"Ihn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23406","article-title":"T cell polarization identifies distinct clinical phenotypes in scleroderma lung disease","volume":"58","author":"Boin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005-0253OC","article-title":"The CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) mediates fibroblast survival through IL-6","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12384","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M208544200","article-title":"Myofibroblast differentiation by transforming growth factor-beta1 is dependent on cell adhesion and integrin signaling via focal adhesion kinase","volume":"278","author":"Thannickal","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199610000-00012","article-title":"The effect of TGF-beta on keloid fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis","volume":"98","author":"Bettinger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.21.6.3720","article-title":"Inhibition of myofibroblast apoptosis by transforming growth factor beta(1)","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0660","article-title":"Involvement of CTGF in TGF-beta1-stimulation of myofibroblast differentiation and collagen matrix contraction in the presence of mechanical stress","volume":"45","author":"Garrett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81270-2","article-title":"PDGF-A signaling is a critical event in lung alveolar myofibroblast development and alveogenesis","volume":"85","author":"Bostrom","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-1536-6-10","article-title":"Platelet-derived growth factor alpha and beta receptors have overlapping functional activities towards fibroblasts","volume":"6","author":"Donovan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2017.08.013","article-title":"FGF2-mediated attenuation of myofibroblast activation is modulated by distinct MAPK signaling pathways in human dermal fibroblasts","volume":"88","author":"Dolivo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.43.7.552","article-title":"Effect of histamine on proliferation of normal human adult lung fibroblasts","volume":"43","author":"Jordana","year":"1988","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.15211.x","article-title":"The differentiation and function of myofibroblasts is regulated by mast cell mediators","volume":"117","author":"Gailit","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.05.094","article-title":"Histamine inhibits differentiation of skin fibroblasts into myofibroblasts","volume":"463","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.04.037","article-title":"Leukotriene D4 stimulates collagen production from myofibroblasts transformed by TGF-beta","volume":"114","author":"Asakura","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4317","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-128801","article-title":"Prostaglandin E(2) induces fibroblast apoptosis by modulating multiple survival pathways","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2006.00193.x","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 inhibition of keloid fibroblast migration, contraction, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-induced collagen synthesis","volume":"15","author":"Sandulache","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regener."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2002-0243OC","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 inhibits fibroblast to myofibroblast transition via E","volume":"29","author":"Kolodsick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12873","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12873","article-title":"5-HT2B receptor antagonists attenuate myofibroblast differentiation and subsequent fibrotic responses in vitro and in vivo","volume":"4","author":"Lofdahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rep."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101629","article-title":"Platelet-derived serotonin links vascular disease and tissue fibrosis","volume":"208","author":"Dees","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.114702","article-title":"IL-4 and IL-13 induce myofibroblastic phenotype of human lung fibroblasts through c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-dependent pathway","volume":"107","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L299","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00008.2009","article-title":"FGF signaling is required for myofibroblast differentiation during alveolar regeneration","volume":"297","author":"Perl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep108","article-title":"Skin disease: a cardinal feature of systemic sclerosis","volume":"48","author":"Krieg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iii36","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken485","article-title":"Gastrointestinal complications: the most frequent internal complications of systemic sclerosis","volume":"48","author":"Forbes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000134644.89917.96","article-title":"Uncontrolled expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors leads to insufficient skin angiogenesis in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"95","author":"Distler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circul Res."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09940.x","article-title":"Angiopoietin-1, angiopoietin-2 and Tie-2 receptor expression in human dermal wound repair and scarring","volume":"163","author":"Staton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00491","article-title":"Macrophage cytokines: involvement in immunity and infectious diseases","volume":"5","author":"Arango Duque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430090068035","article-title":"On scleroderma","volume":"262","author":"Claman","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2013.00174","article-title":"Are mast cells instrumental for fibrotic diseases?","volume":"4","author":"Overed-Sayer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-97-23734","article-title":"Dermal fibrosis following subcutaneous injections of serotonin creatinine sulphate","volume":"97","author":"Macdonald","year":"1958","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115330","article-title":"Mast cell tryptase is a mitogen for cultured fibroblasts","volume":"88","author":"Ruoss","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119290","article-title":"Mast cell tryptase stimulates the synthesis of type I collagen in human lung fibroblasts","volume":"99","author":"Cairns","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI99088","article-title":"PAI1 mediates fibroblast-mast cell interactions in skin fibrosis","volume":"128","author":"Pincha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00508","article-title":"Neutrophil-derived cytokines: facts beyond expression","volume":"5","author":"Tecchio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker520","article-title":"Neutrophil-derived reactive oxygen species in SSc","volume":"51","author":"Barnes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-016-2445-3","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and fibrosis: further evidence of a significant liaison","volume":"365","author":"Richter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3HI1014-493R","article-title":"Neutrophil elastase promotes myofibroblast differentiation in lung fibrosis","volume":"98","author":"Gregory","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Leukocyte Biol."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00127011","article-title":"A neutrophil elastase inhibitor prevents bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice","volume":"40","author":"Takemasa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.170.3.727","article-title":"Macrophage production of transforming growth factor beta and fibroblast collagen synthesis in chronic pulmonary inflammation","volume":"170","author":"Khalil","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201010-1719OC","article-title":"Ly6Chi monocytes direct alternatively activated profibrotic macrophage regulation of lung fibrosis","volume":"184","author":"Gibbons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Resp Critic Care Med."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00019","article-title":"Natural killer cells and liver fibrosis","volume":"7","author":"Fasbender","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2005.23767.x","article-title":"Abnormal natural killer cell function in systemic sclerosis: altered cytokine production and defective killing activity","volume":"125","author":"Horikawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes090","article-title":"T cells in systemic sclerosis: a reappraisal","volume":"51","author":"O'Reilly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G723","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00414.2010","article-title":"Fibrosis is regulated by Th2 and Th17 responses and by dynamic interactions between fibroblasts and macrophages","volume":"300","author":"Barron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J physiol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0121TR","article-title":"Immune mechanisms in pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"55","author":"Kolahian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R168","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4352","article-title":"B lymphocytes and B-cell activating factor promote collagen and profibrotic markers expression by dermal fibroblasts in systemic sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Francois","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthrit Res Ther."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0669-3","article-title":"Gene expression changes reflect clinical response in a placebo-controlled randomized trial of abatacept in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Chakravarty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthrit Res Ther."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23501","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral type I collagen treatment in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: I","volume":"58","author":"Postlethwaite","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.06.032","article-title":"Inhibition of beta-catenin signaling in the skin rescues cutaneous adipogenesis in systemic sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of C-82","volume":"137","author":"Lafyatis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187580","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187580","article-title":"Novel lung imaging biomarkers and skin gene expression subsetting in dasatinib treatment of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"12","author":"Martyanov","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI77958","article-title":"Fresolimumab treatment decreases biomarkers and improves clinical symptoms in systemic sclerosis patients","volume":"125","author":"Rice","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.143974","article-title":"Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) in the treatment of diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: results of a 1-year, phase IIa, single-arm, open-label clinical trial","volume":"70","author":"Spiera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11186.x","article-title":"Imatinib mesylate in scleroderma-associated diffuse skin fibrosis: a phase II multicentre randomized double-blinded controlled trial","volume":"167","author":"Prey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30549","article-title":"Imatinib in active diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: Results of a six-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept pilot study at a single center","volume":"63","author":"Pope","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R144","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4606","article-title":"Imatinib in Scleroderma Italian Study, Low-dose oral imatinib in the treatment of systemic sclerosis interstitial lung disease unresponsive to cyclophosphamide: a phase II pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Fraticelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthrit Res Ther."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22289","article-title":"Cat-192 Study, and C","volume":"56","author":"Denton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0721-3","article-title":"Nilotinib (Tasigna) in the treatment of early diffuse systemic sclerosis: an open-label, pilot clinical trial","volume":"17","author":"Gordon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthrit Res Ther."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.151322","article-title":"An open-label, phase II study of the safety and tolerability of pirfenidone in patients with scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease: the LOTUSS trial","volume":"43","author":"Khanna","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24380","article-title":"The Scleroderma Clinical Trials, Recombinant human relaxin in the treatment of systemic sclerosis with diffuse cutaneous involvement: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Khanna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00232-4","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of subcutaneous tocilizumab in adults with systemic sclerosis (faSScinate): a phase 2, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"387","author":"Khanna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211682","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of subcutaneous tocilizumab in systemic sclerosis: results from the open-label period of a phase II randomised controlled trial (faSScinate)","volume":"77","author":"Khanna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B191","first-page":"779","article-title":"Dietary intake of pirfenidone ameliorates bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in hamsters","volume":"125","author":"Iyer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2014.02.014","article-title":"Effect of pirfenidone on proliferation, TGF-beta-induced myofibroblast differentiation and fibrogenic activity of primary human lung fibroblasts","volume":"58","author":"Conte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0328-5","article-title":"Pirfenidone and nintedanib modulate properties of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"17","author":"Lehtonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Resp Res."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13247","article-title":"Anti-fibrotic effects of pirfenidone by interference with the hedgehog signalling pathway in patients with systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"21","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00174914","article-title":"Mode of action of nintedanib in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"45","author":"Wollin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.113.208223","article-title":"Antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory activity of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nintedanib in experimental models of lung fibrosis","volume":"349","author":"Wollin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther."},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-207109","article-title":"Nintedanib inhibits fibroblast activation and ameliorates fibrosis in preclinical models of systemic sclerosis","volume":"75","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402584","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"370","author":"Richeldi","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-105627","article-title":"Dual inhibition of c-abl and PDGF receptor signaling by dasatinib and nilotinib for the treatment of dermal fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Akhmetshina","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22314","article-title":"Imatinib mesylate reduces production of extracellular matrix and prevents development of experimental dermal fibrosis","volume":"56","author":"Distler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4479","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S86621","article-title":"Clinical development of galunisertib (LY2157299 monohydrate), a small molecule inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway","volume":"9","author":"Herbertz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Design Dev Ther."},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12614","article-title":"Integrin-modulating therapy prevents fibrosis and autoimmunity in mouse models of scleroderma","volume":"503","author":"Gerber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200706-806OC","article-title":"Inhibition of integrin alpha(v)beta6, an activator of latent transforming growth factor-beta, prevents radiation-induced lung fibrosis","volume":"177","author":"Puthawala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Resp Critic Care Med."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep189","article-title":"Cannabinoids inhibit fibrogenesis in diffuse systemic sclerosis fibroblasts","volume":"48","author":"Garcia-Gonzalez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.137539","article-title":"The cannabinoid WIN55, 212-2 abrogates dermal fibrosis in scleroderma bleomycin model","volume":"70","author":"Balistreri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103486","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21975","article-title":"Activation of cannabinoid receptor type 2 by JWH133 alleviates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice","volume":"8","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208213","article-title":"Treatment with abatacept prevents experimental dermal fibrosis and induces regression of established inflammation-driven fibrosis","volume":"75","author":"Ponsoye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02452\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T01:33:01Z","timestamp":1775266381000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02452\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]]},"references-count":207,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02452"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02452","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]]},"article-number":"2452"}}