{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T05:54:25Z","timestamp":1793944465093,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T13:04:02Z","timestamp":1561467842000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Immunopathogenesis of Juvenile Systemic Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Anne M.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn S.","family":"Torok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne C.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah F.","family":"Taber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa T.","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Zulian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20070","article-title":"Incidence of childhood linear scleroderma and systemic sclerosis in the UK and Ireland","volume":"62","author":"Herrick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"2143","article-title":"Incidence of systemic connective tissue diseases in children: a nationwide prospective study in Finland","volume":"21","author":"Pelkonen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4219-7","article-title":"Correction to: the incidence, prevalence, and survival of systemic sclerosis in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink","volume":"37","author":"Royle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4182-3","article-title":"The incidence, prevalence, and survival of systemic sclerosis in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink","volume":"37","author":"Royle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/2397198318763701","article-title":"Assessing the prevalence of juvenile systemic sclerosis in childhood using administrative claims data from the United States","volume":"3","author":"Beukelman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Scler Relat Disord."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"1004","article-title":"Childhood onset systemic sclerosis: classification, clinical and serologic features, and survival in comparison with adult onset disease","volume":"33","author":"Scalapino","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-006-0483-z","article-title":"Juvenile onset systemic sclerosis: a single center experience of 23 cases from Asia","volume":"2007","author":"Misra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.04.002","article-title":"Scleroderma in children and adolescents: localized scleroderma and systemic sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.100001","article-title":"Characteristics of patients with juvenile onset systemic sclerosis in an adult single-center cohort","volume":"37","author":"Foeldvari","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes144","article-title":"Juvenile and young adult-onset systemic sclerosis share the same organ involvement in adulthood: data from the EUSTAR database","volume":"51","author":"Foeldvari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23547","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and factors associated with disability and impaired quality of life in children with juvenile systemic sclerosis","volume":"70","author":"Stevens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/2397198318790494","article-title":"Are diffuse and limited juvenile systemic sclerosis different in clinical presentation?","volume":"4","author":"Foeldvari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Scler Relat Disord."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3971","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22207","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis in childhood: clinical and immunologic features of 153 patients in an international database","volume":"54","author":"Martini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2015.07.007","article-title":"A comparison between nailfold capillaroscopy patterns in adulthood in juvenile and adult-onset systemic sclerosis: a EUSTAR exploratory study","volume":"102","author":"Ingegnoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microvasc Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.5.444","article-title":"Nailfold capillary microscopy in healthy children and in childhood rheumatic diseases: a prospective single blind observational study","volume":"62","author":"Dolezalova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23778","article-title":"Relationship between esophageal abnormalities on fluoroscopic esophagram and pulmonary function testing in juvenile systemic sclerosis","author":"Ambartsumyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken388","article-title":"Factors affecting survival in juvenile systemic sclerosis","volume":"48","author":"Martini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"1767","article-title":"Severe cardiac involvement in children with systemic sclerosis and myositis","volume":"29","author":"Quartier","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.100447","article-title":"Influence of childhood scleroderma on physical function and quality of life","volume":"38","author":"Baildam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10165-013-0884-1","article-title":"The clinical characteristics of juvenile-onset systemic sclerosis in Japanese patients","author":"Hatta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3112","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03112","article-title":"Intriguing relationships between cancer and systemic sclerosis: role of the immune system and other contributors","volume":"9","author":"Maria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B22","first-page":"202","article-title":"Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): classification, subsets and pathogenesis","volume":"15","author":"LeRoy","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/39.5.556","article-title":"Favourable outcome in 135 children with juvenile systemic sclerosis: results of a multi-national survey","volume":"39","author":"Foeldvari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rheumatology."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2007.12.001","article-title":"The many faces of scleroderma","volume":"34","author":"Steen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39765","article-title":"Brief report: HLA-DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1 in juvenile-onset systemic sclerosis","volume":"68","author":"Stevens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0099-0","article-title":"New insights into the genetics and epigenetics of systemic sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Angiolilli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11173","volume":"48","author":"Feghali-Bostwick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2012.04621.x","article-title":"X chromosome gene methylation in peripheral lymphocytes from monozygotic twins discordant for scleroderma","volume":"169","author":"Selmi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200106)44:6&lt;1359::AID-ART228&gt;3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Familial occurrence frequencies and relative risks for systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) in three United States cohorts","volume":"44","author":"Arnett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/33.12.1131","article-title":"Familial scleroderma\u2013evidence for environmental versus genetic trigger","volume":"33","author":"Stephens","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3305","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21355","article-title":"Monozygotic twins clinically discordant for scleroderma show concordance for fibroblast gene expression profiles","volume":"52","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem265","article-title":"HLA class II haplotype and autoantibody associations in children with juvenile dermatomyositis and juvenile dermatomyositis-scleroderma overlap","volume":"46","author":"Wedderburn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106939","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106939","article-title":"Association of the HLA-DRB1 with scleroderma in Chinese population","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker335","article-title":"Analysis of class II human leucocyte antigens in Italian and Spanish systemic sclerosis","volume":"51","author":"Beretta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.03.002","article-title":"The otherness of self: microchimerism in health and disease","volume":"33","author":"Nelson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3975.1019","article-title":"Scleroderma and the subcutaneous tissue","volume":"171","author":"Fleischmajer","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780200410","article-title":"Cellular infiltrates in scleroderma skin","volume":"20","author":"Fleischmajer","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1452","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/6b021f46-17bd-4ffe-a378-a1b8d24a1398","article-title":"Capillary regeneration in scleroderma: stem cell therapy reverses phenotype?","volume":"3","author":"Fleming","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12450","article-title":"Defining dermal adipose tissue","volume":"23","author":"Driskell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38990","article-title":"Myofibroblasts in murine cutaneous fibrosis originate from adiponectin-positive intradermal progenitors","volume":"67","author":"Marangoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000437","article-title":"The roles of dermal white adipose tissue loss in scleroderma skin fibrosis","volume":"29","author":"Marangoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4331","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI85740","article-title":"Dendritic cells maintain dermal adipose-derived stromal cells in skin fibrosis","volume":"126","author":"Chia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.07.019","article-title":"Adipocyte lineage cells contribute to the skin stem cell niche to drive hair cycling","volume":"146","author":"Festa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12783","article-title":"Distinct fibroblast lineages determine dermal architecture in skin development and repair","volume":"504","author":"Driskell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02013","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells based therapy in systemic sclerosis: rational and challenges","volume":"9","author":"Peltzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04581.x","article-title":"Clinicopathological study of 81 cases of localized and systemic scleroderma","volume":"27","author":"Succaria","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-199806000-00003","article-title":"Histopathologic differentiation between localized and systemic scleroderma","volume":"20","author":"Torres","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780270607","article-title":"Lymphocytes in the skin of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Quantification, subtyping, and clinical correlations","volume":"27","author":"Roumm","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.027094","article-title":"Early T cell activation in the skin from patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"64","author":"Kalogerou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2009.11.003","article-title":"[Cytokines in systemic sclerosis]","volume":"60","author":"Baraut","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathol Biol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2012.03.014","article-title":"Potential immunologic targets for treating fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: a review focused on leukocytes and cytokines","volume":"42","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000553","article-title":"T cells and cytokines in systemic sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Fuschiotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B53","first-page":"443","article-title":"Immunoregulatory T cell subpopulations in patients with scleroderma using monoclonal antibodies","volume":"48","author":"Keystone","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"B54","first-page":"264","article-title":"Abnormalities of T lymphocyte subsets in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS, scleroderma)","volume":"97","author":"Inoshita","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200011)43:11<2455::AID-ANR12>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Increased interleukin-17 production in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Kurasawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B56","first-page":"275","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of serum cytokine concentrations in systemic sclerosis: association of interleukin 12 elevation with spontaneous regression of skin sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Matsushita","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780350111","article-title":"Interleukin-1, interleukin-2, interleukin-4, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interferon-gamma levels in sera from patients with scleroderma","volume":"35","author":"Needleman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.09.025","article-title":"Identifying the signature immune phenotypes present in pediatric localized scleroderma","volume":"139","author":"Mirizio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011024313525","article-title":"Peripheral blood T lymphocytes from systemic sclerosis patients show both Th1 and Th2 activation","volume":"21","author":"Valentini","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01262331","article-title":"Demonstration of interleukin-2, interleukin-4 and interleukin-6 in sera from patients with localized scleroderma","volume":"287","author":"Ihn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000071783","article-title":"Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-13 are elevated in patients with localized scleroderma","volume":"207","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dermatology."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00393-016-0202-3","article-title":"Elevated serum levels of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-33 in patients with systemic sclerosis in Chinese population","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Z Rheumatol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14538","article-title":"Serum interleukin-34 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: Clinical association with interstitial lung disease","volume":"45","author":"Kuzumi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dermatol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199906)42:6<1168::AID-ANR13>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Production of type 2 cytokines by CD8+ lung cells is associated with greater decline in pulmonary function in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Atamas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22927","article-title":"Presence of CD4+CD8+ double-positive T cells with very high interleukin-4 production potential in lesional skin of patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"56","author":"Parel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B66","first-page":"328","article-title":"Elevated serum levels of interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-10, and IL-13 in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Hasegawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24432","article-title":"Effector CD8+ T cells in systemic sclerosis patients produce abnormally high levels of interleukin-13 associated with increased skin fibrosis","volume":"60","author":"Fuschiotti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1412","article-title":"Fibrotic disease and the T(H)1\/T(H)2 paradigm","volume":"4","author":"Wynn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R147","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2821","article-title":"Plasma cytokine profiles in systemic sclerosis: associations with autoantibody subsets and clinical manifestations","volume":"11","author":"Gourh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2018.03.011","article-title":"Different profile of cytokine production in patients with systemic sclerosis and association with clinical manifestations","volume":"198","author":"Dantas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol Lett."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37742","article-title":"Correlation of interferon-inducible chemokine plasma levels with disease severity in systemic sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B72","first-page":"S115","article-title":"Circulating IP-10 and MCP-1 levels in active localized scleroderma","volume":"63","author":"Kurzinski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R188","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4378","article-title":"Interferon-gamma inducible protein-10 as a potential biomarker in localized scleroderma","volume":"15","author":"Magee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2470597","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) causes a persistent increase in steady-state amounts of type I and type III collagen and fibronectin mRNAs in normal human dermal fibroblasts","volume":"247","author":"Varga","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biochem J."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10953","article-title":"Selective stimulation of collagen synthesis in the presence of costimulatory insulin signaling by connective tissue growth factor in scleroderma fibroblasts","volume":"48","author":"Gore-Hyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-5-22","article-title":"Increased serum levels of TGFbeta1 in children with localized scleroderma","volume":"5","author":"Uziel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780370218","article-title":"Immunocytochemical localization and serologic detection of transforming growth factor beta 1. Association with type I procollagen and inflammatory cell markers in diffuse and limited systemic sclerosis, morphea, and Raynaud's phenomenon","volume":"37","author":"Higley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4081-7","article-title":"Increased serum levels of adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in systemic sclerosis are not specific for pulmonary manifestations","volume":"37","author":"Thakkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2013.07.005","article-title":"T lymphocyte abnormalities in juvenile systemic sclerosis patients","volume":"149","author":"Reiff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-016-8563-6","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in systemic sclerosis: a comprehensive review","volume":"52","author":"Slobodin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.12.1932","article-title":"Regulatory T cells produce profibrotic cytokines in the skin of patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"135","author":"MacDonald","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaam8458","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam8458","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells promote systemic sclerosis with a key role for TLR8","volume":"10","author":"Ah Kioon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2017.06.009","article-title":"Early inflammatory players in cutanous fibrosis","volume":"87","author":"Raker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40455","article-title":"Skin gene expression is prognostic for the trajectory of skin disease in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis","volume":"70","author":"Stifano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14153","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Asano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dermatol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0184-z","article-title":"Emerging targets of disease-modifying therapy for systemic sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Volkmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37988","article-title":"Review: evidence that systemic sclerosis is a vascular disease","volume":"65","author":"Matucci-Cerinic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatism."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4569826","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4569826","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis pathogenesis and emerging therapies, beyond the fibroblast","volume":"2019","author":"Sierra-Sep\u00falveda","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-212454","article-title":"Changes in macrophage transcriptome associate with systemic sclerosis and mediate GSDMA contribution to disease risk","volume":"77","author":"Moreno-Moral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-018-0104-8","article-title":"Genetic predictors of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: a review of recent literature","volume":"26","author":"Stock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.06.025","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis as an indication for autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation: position statement from the American society for blood and marrow transplantation","volume":"24","author":"Sullivan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01352\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T09:11:07Z","timestamp":1561540267000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01352\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01352","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"article-number":"1352"}}