{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T08:46:20Z","timestamp":1791449180736,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]],"date-time":"2019-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]],"date-time":"2019-07-29T09:02:52Z","timestamp":1564390972000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Current Understanding of Innate Immune Cell Dysfunction in Childhood Undernutrition"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Claire D.","family":"Bourke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelsey D. J.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Prendergast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64636","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064636","article-title":"Associations of suboptimal growth with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in children under five years: a pooled analysis of ten prospective studies","volume":"8","author":"Olofin","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X","article-title":"Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"382","author":"Black","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","year":"2019","journal-title":"UNICEF-WHO-The World Bank: Joint child Malnutrition Estimates \u2014 Levels and Trends \u2013 2019 edition"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25760","article-title":"Mapping child growth failure in Africa between 2000 and 2015","volume":"555","author":"Osgood-Zimmerman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.04.003","article-title":"Immune dysfunction as a cause and consequence of malnutrition","volume":"37","author":"Bourke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68699","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068699","article-title":"Infections in children admitted with complicated severe acute malnutrition in Niger","volume":"8","author":"Page","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e464","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30096-1","article-title":"Daily co-trimoxazole prophylaxis to prevent mortality in children with complicated severe acute malnutrition: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Berkley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.130518","article-title":"Mortality in children with complicated severe acute malnutrition is related to intestinal and systemic inflammation: an observational cohort study","volume":"104","author":"Attia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42436-y","article-title":"Biomarkers of post-discharge mortality among children with complicated severe acute malnutrition","volume":"9","author":"Njunge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2018.01.004","article-title":"Intestinal pathogen clearance in children with severe acute malnutrition is unrelated to inpatient morbidity","volume":"24","author":"Versloot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"B11","year":"2017","journal-title":"Levels and Trends in Child Malnutriton: UNICEF\/WHO\/World Bank Group Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates; Key findings of the 2017 edition"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006205","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006205","article-title":"Environmental enteric dysfunction pathways and child stunting: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Harper","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Neglec Trop Dis."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.09.008","article-title":"The human microbiome and child growth; first 1000 days and beyond","volume":"27","author":"Robertson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90245-3","article-title":"The effects of malnutrition in the metabolism of children","volume":"82","author":"Golden","year":"1988","journal-title":"Transac R Soc Trop Med Hygiene"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28009","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28009","article-title":"Metabolic alterations in children with environmental enteric dysfunction","volume":"6","author":"Semba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86928","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086928","article-title":"Stunting is characterized by chronic inflammation in zimbabwean infants","volume":"9","author":"Prendergast","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0133-2","article-title":"Mesalazine in the initial management of severely acutely malnourished children with environmental enteric dysfunction: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2010.00265.x","article-title":"Complementary feeding messages that target cultural barriers enhance both the use of lipid-based nutrient supplements and underlying feeding practices to improve infant diets in rural Zimbabwe","volume":"8","author":"Paul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905514Y.0000000158","article-title":"The stunting syndrome in developing countries","volume":"34","author":"Prendergast","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.052332","article-title":"Critical windows for nutritional interventions against stunting","volume":"97","author":"Prentice","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eow034","article-title":"Energetics and the immune system: trade-offs associated with non-acute levels of CRP in adolescent Gambian girls","volume":"2017","author":"Shattuck-Heidorn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evol Med Public Health"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00152","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00152","article-title":"Iron at the interface of immunity and infection","volume":"5","author":"Nairz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.07.006","article-title":"The gut microbiota, food science, and human nutrition: a timely marriage","volume":"22","author":"Barratt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.12.006","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immune memory: an evolutionary continuum in the host's response to pathogens","volume":"25","author":"Netea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.04.004","article-title":"A small jab \u2013 a big effect: nonspecific immunomodulation by vaccines","volume":"34","author":"Benn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.6AB0914-416R","article-title":"Vitamin A induces inhibitory histone methylation modifications and down-regulates trained immunity in human monocytes","volume":"98","author":"Arts","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Leukocyte Biol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0449-8","article-title":"Allergic inflammatory memory in human respiratory epithelial progenitor cells","volume":"560","author":"Ordovas-Montanes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00570","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00570-18","article-title":"The case for an expanded concept of trained immunity","volume":"9","author":"Cassone","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24271","article-title":"Inflammatory memory sensitizes skin epithelial stem cells to tissue damage","volume":"550","author":"Naik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI82224","article-title":"Sepsis-induced immune dysfunction: can immune therapies reduce mortality?","volume":"126","author":"Delano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.5HI0119-018R","article-title":"Endotoxin-induced immunotolerance is associated with loss of monocyte metabolic plasticity and reduction of oxidative burst","volume":"106","author":"Grondman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.02.001","article-title":"Human monocytes undergo functional re-programming during sepsis mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha","volume":"42","author":"Shalova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.36","article-title":"The immunopathology of sepsis and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"17","author":"van der Poll","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E11264","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1722125115","article-title":"Histone H3 lysine 4 methylation signature associated with human undernutrition","volume":"115","author":"Uchiyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001569","article-title":"Determinant variables, enteric pathogen burden, gut function and immune-related inflammatory biomarkers associated with childhood malnutrition: a prospective case-control study in Northeastern Brazil","volume":"36","author":"Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatric Infec Dis J."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0155143","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155143","article-title":"Impaired bile acid homeostasis in children with severe acute malnutrition","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.243014","article-title":"The plasma proteome is associated with anthropometric status of undernourished nepalese school-aged children","volume":"147","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0158772","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158772","article-title":"Biomarkers of environmental enteropathy, inflammation, stunting, and impaired growth in children in Northeast Brazil","volume":"11","author":"Guerrant","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.02.024","article-title":"Causal pathways from enteropathogens to environmental enteropathy: findings from the MAL-ED birth cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Kosek","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMed."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006363","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006363","article-title":"Role of maternal health and infant inflammation in nutritional and neurodevelopmental outcomes of two-year-old Bangladeshi children","volume":"12","author":"Donowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0192092","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192092","article-title":"Characterizing the metabolic phenotype of intestinal villus blunting in Zambian children with severe acute malnutrition and persistent diarrhea","volume":"13","author":"Farr\u00e0s","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B42","author":"Delamare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Outcomes in Undernutrition: The Role of Nutrients, Gut Dysfunction and the Gut Microbiome (HUNGer) Consortium: White Paper"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e363","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2112","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic value of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in malnourished children","volume":"133","author":"Page","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.140822","article-title":"Risk factors for death in children during inpatient treatment of severe acute malnutrition: a prospective cohort study","volume":"105","author":"Rytter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105017","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105017","article-title":"The immune system in children with malnutrition\u2013a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Rytter","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)12038-9","article-title":"What, if any, is the effect of malnutrition on immunological competence?","volume":"349","author":"Morgan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2018.09.001","article-title":"Global prevalence of asymptomatic norovirus infection: a meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Qi","year":"2018","journal-title":"EClinicalMed."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir872","article-title":"Early age at time of primary Epstein-Barr virus infection results in poorly controlled viral infection in infants from Western Kenya: clues to the etiology of endemic Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"205","author":"Piriou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infec Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1481-7","article-title":"Application of a multiplex PCR assay for the detection of gastrointestinal pathogens in a rural African setting","volume":"16","author":"Eibach","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infec Dis."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0036-1","article-title":"Pathophysiology of environmental enteric dysfunction and its impact on oral vaccine efficacy","volume":"11","author":"Marie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082779","article-title":"Parasites represent a major selective force for interleukin genes and shape the genetic predisposition to autoimmune conditions","volume":"206","author":"Fumagalli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.2.1315","article-title":"Balancing selection is the main force shaping the evolution of innate immunity genes","volume":"181","author":"Ferrer-Admetlla","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3763","article-title":"Atypical chemokine receptor 1 on nucleated erythroid cells regulates hematopoiesis","volume":"18","author":"Duchene","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96030","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096030","article-title":"Follow-up of post-discharge growth and mortality after treatment for severe acute malnutrition (FuSAM Study): a prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Kerac","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e023077","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023077","article-title":"Health outcomes, pathogenesis and epidemiology of severe acute malnutrition (HOPE-SAM): rationale and methods of a longitudinal observational study","volume":"9","author":"Bwakura-Dangarembizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002231","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers in HIV-infected children hospitalized for severe malnutrition in Uganda and Zimbabwe","volume":"33","author":"Prendergast","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B57","first-page":"121","article-title":"Phagocyte function in protein-calorie malnutrition","volume":"17","author":"Douglas","year":"1974","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1975.tb106221.x","article-title":"Deficiency of immunological and phagocytic function in aboriginal children with protein-calorie malnutrition","volume":"2","author":"Jose","year":"1975","journal-title":"Med J Austr."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.1976.6.4.321","article-title":"Growth and immune function in aboriginal children during recovery from malnutrition and infection","volume":"6","author":"Ford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Austral N Zealand J Med."},{"key":"B60","first-page":"923","article-title":"Serum opsonic activity in acute protein-energy malnutrition","volume":"59","author":"Keusch","year":"1981","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(76)90103-0","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide production by leukocytes in protein-calorie malnutrition","volume":"71","author":"Shilotri","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.50.3.220","article-title":"Leucocyte function in children with kwashiorkor","volume":"50","author":"Rosen","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch Dis Childhood"},{"key":"B63","first-page":"450","article-title":"Neutrophil function in children with kwashiorkor","volume":"88","author":"Schopfer","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.25.6.494","article-title":"Nitro blue tetrazolium test in children with kwashiorkor with a comment on the use of latex particles in the test","volume":"25","author":"Shousha","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1270255","article-title":"Phagocytosis and leucocyte enzymes in protein-calorie malnutrition","volume":"127","author":"Selvaraj","year":"1972","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803518","article-title":"Dendritic cell anergy results from endotoxemia in severe malnutrition","volume":"183","author":"Hughes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62845","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062845","article-title":"Decreased pattern recognition receptor signaling, interferon-signature, and bactericidal\/permeability-increasing protein gene expression in cord blood of term low birth weight human newborns","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60565-6","article-title":"Case management of HIV-infected severely malnourished children: challenges in the area of highest prevalence","volume":"371","author":"Heikens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.07.017","article-title":"Impaired barrier function and autoantibody generation in malnutrition enteropathy in zambia","volume":"22","author":"Amadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMed."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.42.3.396","article-title":"Gut barrier function in malnourished patients","volume":"42","author":"Welsh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002311","article-title":"Children with noncritical infections have increased intestinal permeability, endotoxemia and altered innate immune responses","volume":"38","author":"Sturgeon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Infec Dis J Online First"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000076666.16021.5E","article-title":"Chronic T cell-mediated enteropathy in rural west african children: relationship with nutritional status and small bowel function","volume":"54","author":"Campbell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3542","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00705-16","article-title":"Protein malnutrition impairs intestinal epithelial cell turnover, a potential mechanism of increased cryptosporidiosis in a murine model","volume":"84","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infec Immunity"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G612","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00531.2010","article-title":"Alanyl-glutamine promotes intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis in vitro and in a murine model of weanling undernutrition","volume":"301","author":"Ueno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointestinal Liver Physiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00046","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00046-17","article-title":"Protein malnutrition modifies innate immunity and gene expression by intestinal epithelial cells and human rotavirus infection in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs","volume":"2","author":"Vlasova","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7806","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8806","article-title":"Diet and specific microbial exposure trigger features of environmental enteropathy in a novel murine model","volume":"6","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaao5610","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao5610","article-title":"Recurrent infection progressively disables host protection against intestinal inflammation","volume":"358","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2015.07.010","article-title":"Circulating IGF-I and IGFBP3 levels control human colonic stem cell function and are disrupted in diabetic enteropathy","volume":"17","author":"D'Addio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.03.012","article-title":"Nutrient sensing by the intestinal epithelium orchestrates mucosal antimicrobial defense via translational control of Hes1","volume":"25","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.10","article-title":"Neutrophils as protagonists and targets in chronic inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Soehnlein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2013.10.003","article-title":"Leishmania donovani: dynamics of L. donovani evasion of innate immune cell attack due to malnutrition in visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"30","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrition."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200203000-00015","article-title":"Effect of renutrition on natural and cell-mediated immune response in infants with severe malnutrition","volume":"34","author":"Vasquez-Garibay","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatric Gastroenterol Nutr."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0157919","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157919","article-title":"Malnutrition in Healthy individuals results in increased mixed cytokine profiles, altered neutrophil subsets and function","volume":"11","author":"Takele","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(82)90406-5","article-title":"Folic acid deficiency and neutrophil dysfunction","volume":"73","author":"Youinou","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02722303","article-title":"Bactericidal power of neutrophils in protein calorie malnutrition","volume":"56","author":"Nayak","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ind J Pediatrics"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3476","article-title":"Type 2 immunity and wound healing: evolutionary refinement of adaptive immunity by helminths","volume":"13","author":"Gause","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182010001216","article-title":"Acquired immune heterogeneity and its sources in human helminth infection","volume":"138","author":"Bourke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-229","article-title":"Influence of nutrition on infection and re-infection with soil-transmitted helminths: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Yap","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.10.024","article-title":"Protein malnutrition impairs the immune control of Trichinella spiralis infection","volume":"60","author":"Vila","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2017.10.003","article-title":"Vitamin D-deficiency induces eosinophil spontaneous activation","volume":"322","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12315","article-title":"Association between childhood atopic dermatitis, malnutrition, and low bone mineral density: a US population-based study","volume":"26","author":"Silverberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatric Allergy Immunol. Offic Publication Eur Soc Pediatric Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.59.560","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency induces the emergence of mast cells in the liver of rats","volume":"59","author":"Takemoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03287.x","article-title":"Accelerated in vitro differentiation of blood monocytes into dendritic cells in human sepsis","volume":"147","author":"Faivre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201204-0645OC","article-title":"Reversal of immunoparalysis in humans in vivo","volume":"186","author":"Leentjens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170355","article-title":"The fate and lifespan of human monocyte subsets in steady state and systemic inflammation","volume":"214","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-012-8297-3","article-title":"The three human monocyte subsets: implications for health and disease","volume":"53","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol Res."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.3305\/nh.2015.32.2.9048","article-title":"Immune response of severe malnutrition children treated according to the protocol of the World Health Organization","volume":"32","author":"Peixoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Hospital."},{"key":"B98","first-page":"413","article-title":"A study of some changes of cell-mediated immunity in protein energy malnutrition","volume":"28","author":"Lotfy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Egyp Soc Parasitol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.3.671","article-title":"Impaired dendritic cell function resulting from chronic undernutrition disrupts the antigen-specific immune response in mice","volume":"137","author":"Niiya","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.06.004","article-title":"Acutely malnourished weanling mice administered Flt3 ligand can support a cell-mediated inflammatory response","volume":"113","author":"Hillyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01778-14","article-title":"Deficiency of lymph node-resident Dendritic Cells (DCs) and dysregulation of DC chemoattractants in a malnourished mouse model of leishmania donovani infection","volume":"82","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.013","article-title":"Origin and functions of tissue macrophages","volume":"41","author":"Epelman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00119-16","article-title":"Impact of childhood malnutrition on host defense and infection","volume":"30","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.05.009","article-title":"Impact of neonatal malnutrition on expression TLR-9, NF-kB and cytokines of macrophages infected in vitro with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"132","author":"Morais","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb Pathogen."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12669","article-title":"Cell-type-specific modulation of innate immune signalling by vitamin D in human mononuclear phagocytes","volume":"150","author":"Kundu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S710","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ846","article-title":"The SHINE trial infant feeding intervention: pilot study of effects on maternal learning and infant diet quality in rural zimbabwe","volume":"61","author":"Desai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13930","article-title":"Infected malnourished children displayed changes in early activation and lymphocyte subpopulations","volume":"106","author":"Najera-Medina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta paediatrica."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(82)90082-4","article-title":"Depressed natural killer cell activity in children with protein-calorie malnutrition","volume":"24","author":"Salimonu","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(83)90154-5","article-title":"Depressed natural killer cell activity in children with protein\u2013calorie malnutrition. II Correction of the impaired activity after nutritional recovery","volume":"82","author":"Salimonu","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02398-z","article-title":"Risk of nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteraemia in African children is modified by STAT4","volume":"9","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2018"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau2095","article-title":"A time to fast","volume":"362","author":"Di Francesco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201837","article-title":"NK cell maturation and function in C57BL\/6 mice are altered by caloric restriction","volume":"190","author":"Clinthorne","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.093633","article-title":"Energy restriction impairs natural killer cell function and increases the severity of influenza infection in young adult male C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"138","author":"Ritz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.122408","article-title":"Short-Term Re-feeding of previously energy-restricted C57BL\/6 male mice restores body weight and body fat and attenuates the decline in natural killer cell function after primary influenza infection","volume":"140","author":"Clinthorne","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"aaa6566","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa6566","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells: a new paradigm in immunology","volume":"348","author":"Eberl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01742","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of innate lymphoid cell-mediated tissue protection-linking the nutritional state to barrier immunity","volume":"8","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1247606","article-title":"Adaptation of innate lymphoid cells to a micronutrient deficiency promotes type 2 barrier immunity","volume":"343","author":"Spencer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5148","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501106","article-title":"Vitamin A controls the presence of RORgamma+ innate lymphoid cells and lymphoid tissue in the small intestine","volume":"196","author":"Goverse","year":"","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.09.015","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling cell intrinsically inhibits intestinal group 2 innate lymphoid cell function","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151448","article-title":"Critical role of fatty acid metabolism in ILC2-mediated barrier protection during malnutrition and helminth infection","volume":"213","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2012.07.006","article-title":"Dietary and commensal derived nutrients: shaping mucosal and systemic immunity","volume":"24","author":"Spencer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.239145","article-title":"Metabolomic changes in serum of children with different clinical diagnoses of malnutrition","volume":"146","author":"Di Giovanni","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.03.008","article-title":"Experimental inflammatory bowel disease: insights into the host-microbiota dialog","volume":"34","author":"Saleh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.8.1469","article-title":"Transferrin kinetics are altered in children with severe protein-energy malnutrition","volume":"127","author":"Morlese","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/44.6.362","article-title":"Study of plasma albumin, transferrin, and fibronectin in children with mild to moderate protein-energy malnutrition","volume":"44","author":"Hassanein","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229000","article-title":"Gut microbiomes of malawian twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor","volume":"339","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366ra164","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aah4669","article-title":"Effects of a gut pathobiont in a gnotobiotic mouse model of childhood undernutrition","volume":"8","author":"Wagner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.01.024","article-title":"Sialylated milk oligosaccharides promote microbiota-dependent growth in models of infant undernutrition","volume":"164","author":"Mark Charbonneau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030289","article-title":"Overcoming dietary assessment challenges in low-income countries: technological solutions proposed by the International Dietary Data Expansion (INDDEX) Project","volume":"9","author":"Coates","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111185","article-title":"Assessment of micronutrient status in critically Ill children: challenges and opportunities","volume":"9","author":"Dao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1424886112","article-title":"Analysis of gene-environment interactions in postnatal development of the mammalian intestine","volume":"112","author":"Rakoff-Nahoum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0075-5","article-title":"Intergenerational transfer of antibiotic-perturbed microbiota enhances colitis in susceptible mice","volume":"3","author":"Schulfer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.01.015","article-title":"Biogeography of the intestinal mucosal and lumenal microbiome in the rhesus macaque","volume":"17","author":"Yasuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S733","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ849","article-title":"The potential role of mycotoxins as a contributorto stunting in the SHINE trial","volume":"61","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infec Dis."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.06.020","article-title":"Effects of zearalenone and its derivatives on the innate immune response of swine","volume":"56","author":"Marin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.01.010","article-title":"In vitro effects of very low levels of aflatoxin B(1) on free radicals production and bactericidal activity of bovine blood neutrophils","volume":"141","author":"Mehrzad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2009045","article-title":"The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol promotes uptake of Salmonella Typhimurium in porcine macrophages, associated with ERK1\/2 induced cytoskeleton reorganization","volume":"40","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Res."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.13","article-title":"The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol facilitates allergic sensitization to whey in mice","volume":"9","author":"Bol-Schoenmakers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2018.03.004","article-title":"The short-term stress response \u2013 Mother nature's mechanism for enhancing protection and performance under conditions of threat, challenge, and opportunity","volume":"49","author":"Dhabhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S745","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ851","article-title":"Assessing maternal capabilities in the SHINE trial: highlighting a hidden link in the causal pathway to child health","volume":"61","author":"Matare","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaav0537","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aav0537","article-title":"Cotrimoxazole reduces systemic inflammation in HIV infection by altering the gut microbiome and immune activation","volume":"11","author":"Bourke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01728\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T12:36:15Z","timestamp":1575462975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01728\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]]},"references-count":141,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01728"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01728","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]]},"article-number":"1728"}}