{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T04:18:50Z","timestamp":1780373930957,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:19:36Z","timestamp":1569889176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Autoantibodies Activating the \u03b22-Adrenergic Receptor Characterize Patients With Primary and Secondary Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Bettina","family":"Hohberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Kunze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Wallukat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Kara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian Y.","family":"Mardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"L\u00e4mmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Schl\u00f6tzer-Schrehardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Hosari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Folkert","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Munoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00145","article-title":"Agonistic autoantibodies to the \u03b22-adrenergic receptor involved in the pathogenesis of open-angle glaucoma","volume":"9","author":"Junemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2017.10.003","article-title":"Levels of aqueous humor trace elements in patients with open-angle glaucoma","volume":"45","author":"Hohberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"S3","article-title":"The vascular concept of glaucoma","volume-title":"Surv Ophthalmol","author":"Flammer","year":"1994"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.11.025","article-title":"Structural changes of the trabecular meshwork in different kinds of glaucoma","volume":"88","author":"Tektas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-112856","article-title":"26 years of the erlangen glaucoma registry: demographic and perimetric characteristics of patients through the ages","volume":"236","author":"Hohberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"420","article-title":"Distribution and properties of beta-adrenergic receptors in human iris-ciliary body","volume":"28","author":"Wax","year":"1987","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1089\/108076802760116142","article-title":"Adenylyl cyclase activity mediated by beta-adrenoceptors in immortalized human trabecular meshwork and non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells","volume":"18","author":"Crider","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"695","article-title":"Beta 1 and beta 2 adrenergic binding sites in bovine retina and retinal blood vessels","volume":"29","author":"Ferrari-Dileo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-01-00152.1995","article-title":"Beta 2-adrenergic receptors are expressed by glia in vivo in the normal and injured central nervous system in the rat, rabbit, and human","volume":"15","author":"Mantyh","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2005.04.020","article-title":"Impact of haloperidol and risperidone on gene expression profile in the rat cortex","volume":"47","author":"Feher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000032","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2016-000032","article-title":"Retinal vasculature in glaucoma: a review","volume":"1","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"679","article-title":"A circulating Igg in chagas-disease which binds to beta-adrenoceptors of myocardium and modulates their activity","volume":"57","author":"Borda","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"S634","article-title":"Effects of the serum gamma globulin fraction of patients with allergic asthma and dilated cardiomyopathy on chronotropic beta adrenoceptor function in cultured neonatal rat heart myocytes","volume":"46","author":"Wallukat","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biomed Biochim Acta"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"445","article-title":"Autoantibodies against the myocardium beta 1-adrenergic and M2-muscarinic receptors in patients with heart failure","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2012.02684.x","article-title":"Agonistic autoantibodies to the alpha(1) -adrenergic receptor and the beta(2) -adrenergic receptor in Alzheimer's and vascular dementia","volume":"75","author":"Karczewski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02169199","article-title":"Optic disc morphometry in chronic primary open-angle glaucoma. I. Morphometric intrapapillary characteristics","volume":"226","author":"Jonas","year":"1988","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"132","article-title":"Complex autoantibody repertoires in patients with glaucoma","volume":"10","author":"Grus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-004-1094-5","article-title":"Autoantibodies in patients with glaucoma: a comparison of IgG serum antibodies against retinal, optic nerve, and optic nerve head antigens","volume":"243","author":"Joachim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680701871157","article-title":"Analysis of autoantibodies against human retinal antigens in sera of patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension","volume":"33","author":"Reichelt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"S144","article-title":"What is the link between vascular dysregulation and glaucoma?","volume-title":"Surv Ophthalmol.","author":"Grieshaber","year":"2007"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.02.006","article-title":"Levels of serum trace elements in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"53","author":"Fick","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol."},{"key":"B22","first-page":"3145","article-title":"Flow of aqueous humor in humans [The Friedenwald Lecture]","volume":"32","author":"Brubaker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"1315","article-title":"Effects of timolol, epinephrine, and acetazolamide on aqueous flow during sleep","volume":"26","author":"Topper","year":"1985","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"2574","article-title":"The role of NaKCl cotransport in blood-to-aqueous chloride fluxes across rabbit ciliary epithelium","volume":"41","author":"Crook","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2000.0927","article-title":"Catecholaminergic regulation of Na-K-Cl cotransport in pigmented ciliary epithelium: differences between PE and NPE","volume":"72","author":"Hochgesand","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100030037018","article-title":"Aqueous flow in open-angle glaucoma","volume":"113","author":"Larsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"772","article-title":"Beta-adrenergic receptors in human trabecular meshwork. Identification and autoradiographic localization","volume":"28","author":"Jampel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"51","article-title":"Characterization of beta-adrenergic receptors in cultured human trabecular cells and in human trabecular meshwork","volume":"30","author":"Wax","year":"1989","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1067","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1995.268.4.C1067","article-title":"Na-K-Cl cotransport regulates intracellular volume and monolayer permeability of trabecular meshwork cells","volume":"268","author":"O'donnell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C373","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1999.277.3.C373","article-title":"Intracellular Cl regulates Na-K-Cl cotransport activity in human trabecular meshwork cells","volume":"277","author":"Putney","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"1695","article-title":"Effects of Na-K-2Cl cotransport regulators on outflow facility in calf and human eyes in vitro","volume":"40","author":"Al-Aswad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(98)00272-4","article-title":"The effectiveness of intraocular pressure reduction in the treatment of normal-tension glaucoma","volume":"126","author":"Group","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1159\/000055622","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms in the retinal and choroidal circulation","volume":"32","author":"Delaey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2008.06.001","article-title":"Beta-adrenoceptor-mediated vasodilation of retinal blood vessels is reduced in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"49","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vascul Pharmacol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-011-0682-2","article-title":"Role of beta3-adrenoceptors in regulation of retinal vascular tone in rats","volume":"384","author":"Mori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0461","article-title":"Ocular blood flow and systemic blood pressure in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension","volume":"45","author":"Fuchsjager-Mayrl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)91054-5","article-title":"Immature type-1 astrocytes suppress glial scar formation, are motile and interact with blood vessels","volume":"543","author":"Smith","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1993.1056","article-title":"Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade suppresses glial scar formation","volume":"120","author":"Sutin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24977","article-title":"Evidence of hypoxic glial cells in a model of ocular hypertension","volume":"60","author":"Jassim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301629","article-title":"Role of \u03b2-adrenoceptors in memory consolidation: \u03b23-adrenoceptors act on glucose uptake and \u03b22-adrenoceptors on glycogenolysis","volume":"33","author":"Gibbs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01153.x","article-title":"Role of \u03b2-adrenoceptors in glucose uptake in astrocytes using \u03b2-adrenoceptor knockout mice","volume":"162","author":"Catus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0355","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: astrocytes in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"2","author":"Maragakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Neurol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.09.018","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes give neurons less support: implications for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"33","author":"Steele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.003","article-title":"A volcanic explosion of autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: a diversity of 180 different antibodies found in SLE patients","volume":"14","author":"Yaniv","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3742","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003742","article-title":"Potential relevance of alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor autoantibodies in refractory hypertension","volume":"3","author":"Wenzel","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2009.02280.x","article-title":"Sera from patients with type 2 diabetes contain agonistic autoantibodies against G protein-coupled receptors","volume":"70","author":"Hempel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol."},{"key":"B47","volume-title":"The Pathophysiological Role of Autoantibodies Directed to G-Protein Coupled Receptors and Therapeutic Strategies of Antibody Removal","author":"Wallukat","year":"2002"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200420149","article-title":"Direct evidence for a beta(1)-adrenergic receptor-directed autoimmune attack as a cause of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"113","author":"Jahns","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.4.385","article-title":"Immunoglobulin adsorption in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"101","author":"Muller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.1.48","article-title":"Factors for glaucoma progression and the effect of treatment: the early manifest glaucoma trial","volume":"121","author":"Leske","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2012.02.001","article-title":"Indications et complications des cortico\u00efdes en ophtalmologie","volume":"41","author":"Fel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-013-2214-6","article-title":"Analysis of the prevalence of cataracts and glaucoma in systemic lupus erythematosus and evaluation of the rheumatologists' practice for the monitoring of glucocorticoid eye toxicity","volume":"32","author":"Carli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02112\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:19:40Z","timestamp":1569889180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02112\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02112","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.736784448.793569122","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"article-number":"2112"}}