{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:09:57Z","timestamp":1790186997820,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T00:48:55Z","timestamp":1569286135000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Distinct Autoimmune Anti-\u03b1-Synuclein Antibody Patterns in Multiple System Atrophy and Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jonas","family":"Folke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasmus","family":"Rydbirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemette","family":"L\u00f8kkegaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisette","family":"Salvesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Mette","family":"Hejl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Starhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e1ra","family":"Bech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Winge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars \u00d8stergaard","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Aznar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bente","family":"Pakkenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Brudek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-179005","article-title":"The synucleinopathies: twenty years on","volume":"7","author":"Goedert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1311488","article-title":"Multiple-system atrophy","volume":"372","author":"Fanciulli","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24648","article-title":"Pathological \u03b1-synuclein in gastrointestinal tissues from prodromal Parkinson disease patients","volume":"79","author":"Stokholm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000112832","article-title":"Red blood cells are the major source of alpha-synuclein in blood","volume":"5","author":"Barbour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-016-3464-8","article-title":"A systematic review of lessons learned from PET molecular imaging research in atypical parkinsonism","volume":"43","author":"Niccolini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001807","article-title":"When DLB, PD, and PSP masquerade as MSA: an autopsy study of 134 patients","volume":"85","author":"Koga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3461-0","volume-title":"Naturally Occurring Antibodies.","author":"Lutz","year":"2012"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2007.07.007","article-title":"Homeostatic roles of naturally occurring antibodies: an overview","volume":"29","author":"Lutz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00198","article-title":"Role of natural autoantibodies and natural IgM anti-leucocyte autoantibodies in health and disease","volume":"7","author":"Lobo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101499","article-title":"Human B1 cells in umbilical cord and adult peripheral blood express the novel phenotype CD20+ CD27+ CD43+ CD70","volume":"208","author":"Griffin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5370","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401849","article-title":"IgH chain class switch recombination: mechanism and regulation","volume":"193","author":"Stavnezer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60726","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060726","article-title":"Natural IgG autoantibodies are abundant and ubiquitous in human sera, and their number is influenced by age, gender, and disease","volume":"8","author":"Nagele","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7202","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.11.7202","article-title":"Natural Antibodies to CCR5 from breast milk block infection of macrophages and dendritic cells with primary R5-tropic HIV-1","volume":"174","author":"Bouhlal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2012.604","article-title":"Distinct patterns of antiamyloid-\u03b2 antibodies in typical and atypical Alzheimer disease","volume":"69","author":"Dorothee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14330","article-title":"Measurements of auto-antibodies to \u03b1-synuclein in the serum and cerebral spinal fluids of patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"145","author":"Akhtar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88604","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088604","article-title":"Comparable autoantibody serum levels against amyloid- and inflammation-associated proteins in Parkinson's disease patients and controls","volume":"9","author":"Maetzler","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52285","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052285","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein and anti-\u03b1-synuclein antibodies in Parkinson's disease, atypical Parkinson syndromes, REM sleep behavior disorder, and healthy controls","volume":"7","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00169","article-title":"Epitope mapping of antibodies to alpha-synuclein in LRRK2 mutation carriers, idiopathic parkinson disease patients, and healthy controls","volume":"6","author":"Alvarez-Castelao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.9.1435","article-title":"Absence of elevated anti-alpha-synuclein and anti-EBV latent membrane protein antibodies in PD","volume":"58","author":"Woulfe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00063","article-title":"Immunochemical detection of \u03b1-synuclein autoantibodies in parkinson's disease: correlation between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels","volume":"8","author":"Horvath","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.12.001","article-title":"Immunoprotection against toxic biomarkers is retained during Parkinson's disease progression","volume":"233","author":"Gruden","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18513","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018513","article-title":"\u03b1-synuclein reactive antibodies as diagnostic biomarkers in blood sera of Parkinson's disease patients","volume":"6","author":"Yanamandra","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00720","article-title":"Elevated serum \u03b1-synuclein autoantibodies in patients with parkinson's disease relative to alzheimer's disease and controls","volume":"8","author":"Shalash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04365.x","article-title":"Autoantibodies to alpha-synuclein in inherited Parkinson's disease","volume":"101","author":"Papachroni","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827b90d1","article-title":"Naturally occurring \u03b1-synuclein autoantibody levels are lower in patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"80","author":"Besong-Agbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh625","article-title":"A possible role for humoral immunity in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease","volume":"128","author":"Orr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-017-0187-7","article-title":"Autoimmune antibody decline in Parkinson's disease and Multiple System Atrophy; a step towards immunotherapeutic strategies","volume":"12","author":"Brudek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000324625.00404.15","article-title":"Second consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy","volume":"71","author":"Gilman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2013.12.024","article-title":"Biobanking of CSF: international standardization to optimize biomarker development","volume":"47","author":"Teunissen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Biochem."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.17.5.427","article-title":"Parkinsonism: onset, progression and mortality","volume":"17","author":"Yahr","year":"1967","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B32","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"Team","year":"2017"},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"An R Companion to Applied Regression","author":"John Fox","year":"2011"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200810425","article-title":"Simultaneous inference in general parametric models","volume":"50","author":"Hothorn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biom J."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-5890.(01)00025-6","article-title":"Role of natural and immune IgM antibodies in immune responses","volume":"37","author":"Boes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Molecul Immunol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/6.3.355","article-title":"Immunoflourescence analysis of B-1 cell ontogeny in the mouse","volume":"6","author":"Hamilton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int Immunol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxp121","article-title":"Identification of TOSO\/FAIM3 as an Fc receptor for IgM","volume":"22","author":"Shima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Immunol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.09.046","article-title":"Structure and function of immunoglobulins","volume":"125","author":"Schroeder","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00815","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of alpha synuclein auto-antibodies in parkinson's disease","volume":"9","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2011.04.003","article-title":"Complement in the brain","volume":"48","author":"Veerhuis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Immunol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00427222","article-title":"Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease are recognized by antibodies to complement proteins","volume":"84","author":"Yamada","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26979","article-title":"Changes in the cell population in brain white matter in multiple system atrophy","volume":"32","author":"Nykjaer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv228","article-title":"Neocortical neuronal loss in patients with multiple system atrophy: a stereological study","volume":"27","author":"Salvesen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.255","article-title":"Microglia, amyloid, and glucose metabolism in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia","volume":"38","author":"Edison","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00437","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in multiple system atrophy: response to and cause of \u03b1-synuclein aggregation","volume":"9","author":"Vieira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0164953","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164953","article-title":"Naturally occurring autoantibodies against tau protein are reduced in parkinson's disease dementia","volume":"11","author":"Kronimus","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11970","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109541200","article-title":"Biophysical properties of the synucleins and their propensities to fibrillate: inhibition of alpha-synuclein assembly by beta- and gamma-synucleins","volume":"277","author":"Uversky","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/35081564","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"2","author":"Goedert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp282","article-title":"Brain alpha-synuclein accumulation in multiple system atrophy, Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy: a comparative investigation","volume":"133","author":"Tong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13392","article-title":"Altered \u03b1-synuclein, parkin, and synphilin isoform levels in multiple system atrophy brains","volume":"136","author":"Brudek","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-005-0427-9","article-title":"The plasma alpha-synuclein levels in patients with Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy","volume":"113","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neural Transm."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25688","article-title":"Increase of the plasma \u03b1-synuclein levels in patients with multiple system atrophy","volume":"29","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70014-X","article-title":"\u03b1-Synuclein and tau concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of patients presenting with parkinsonism: a cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Mollenhauer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-314857","article-title":"Plasma \u03b1-synuclein predicts cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease","volume":"88","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02253\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T00:48:58Z","timestamp":1569286138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02253\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02253","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]},"article-number":"2253"}}