{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:42:55Z","timestamp":1791916975176,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]],"date-time":"2020-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T23:39:09Z","timestamp":1579045149000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Qualitative Changes in Cortical Thymic Epithelial Cells Drive Postpartum Thymic Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Maude","family":"Dumont-Lagac\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tariq","family":"Daouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucyle","family":"Depo\u00ebrs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9mie","family":"Zumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahya","family":"Benslimane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Brochu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Lemieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Perreault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2006.02559.x","article-title":"Murine pregnancy leads to reduced proliferation of maternal thymocytes and decreased thymic emigration","volume":"121","author":"Zoller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunology."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(94)90212-7","article-title":"The thymus in pregnancy: the interplay of neural, endocrine and immune influences","volume":"15","author":"Clarke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Immunol Today."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646309","article-title":"Pregnancy-induced thymic involution is associated with suppression of chemokines essential for T-lymphoid progenitor homing","volume":"46","author":"Laan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.106005","article-title":"Age at weaning, immunocompetence and ectoparasite performance in a precocial desert rodent","volume":"217","author":"Dlugosz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Exp Biol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1996.tb00176.x","article-title":"Estrogen blocks early T cell development in the thymus","volume":"36","author":"Rijhsinghani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12895","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12895","article-title":"Sex hormones have pervasive effects on thymic epithelial cells","volume":"5","author":"Dumont-Lagac\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302961","article-title":"Adult thymic epithelium contains nonsenescent label-retaining cells","volume":"192","author":"Dumont-Lagac\u00e9","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12021","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.21.12021","article-title":"Progesterone receptors in the thymus are required for thymic involution during pregnancy and for normal fertility","volume":"96","author":"Tibbetts","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.4.1519","article-title":"Lymphopenia in interleukin (IL)-7 gene-deleted mice identifies IL-7 as a nonredundant cytokine","volume":"181","author":"von","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.5.1955","article-title":"Early lymphocyte expansion is severely impaired in interleukin 7 receptor-deficient mice","volume":"180","author":"Peschon","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(95)90116-7","article-title":"Intrathymically expressed c-kit ligand (stem cell factor) is a major factor driving expansion of very immature thymocytes in vivo","volume":"3","author":"Rodewald","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080134","article-title":"Delta-like 4 is indispensable in thymic environment specific for T cell development","volume":"205","author":"Hozumi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.01.049","article-title":"Synergistic, context-dependent, and hierarchical functions of epithelial components in thymic microenvironments","volume":"149","author":"Calder\u00f3n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.103614","article-title":"Regeneration of the aged thymus by a single transcription factor","volume":"141","author":"Bredenkamp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Development."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaal2736","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aal2736","article-title":"Production of BMP4 by endothelial cells is crucial for endogenous thymic regeneration","volume":"3","author":"Wertheimer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Immunol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4784","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1403158","article-title":"Young, proliferative thymic epithelial cells engraft and function in aging thymuses","volume":"194","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01717","article-title":"Detection of quiescent radioresistant epithelial progenitors in the adult thymus","volume":"8","author":"Dumont-Lagac\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinforma Oxf Engl."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635","article-title":"STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner","volume":"29","author":"Dobin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinforma Oxf Engl."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-323","article-title":"RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv007","article-title":"limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies","volume":"43","author":"Ritchie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.211","article-title":"Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Protoc."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn923","article-title":"Bioinformatics enrichment tools: paths toward the comprehensive functional analysis of large gene lists","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1996.tb00052.x","article-title":"Effect of pregnancy on thymic T cell development","volume":"35","author":"Rijhsinghani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a000182","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a000182","article-title":"Roles of the NF-\u03baB pathway in lymphocyte development and function","volume":"2","author":"Gerondakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00365","article-title":"Thymic crosstalk coordinates medulla organization and T-cell tolerance induction","volume":"6","author":"Lopes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.06.015","article-title":"The tumor necrosis factor family receptors RANK and CD40 cooperatively establish the thymic medullary microenvironment and self-tolerance","volume":"29","author":"Akiyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.1.400","article-title":"Lt\u03b2r signaling does not regulate aire-dependent transcripts in medullary thymic epithelial cells","volume":"181","author":"Martins","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5384","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.8.5384","article-title":"The lymphotoxin pathway regulates aire-independent expression of ectopic genes and chemokines in thymic stromal cells","volume":"180","author":"Seach","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00964","article-title":"Aire disruption influences the medullary thymic epithelial cell transcriptome and interaction with thymocytes","volume":"9","author":"Speck-Hernandez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2019.09.010","article-title":"Adhesion between medullary thymic epithelial cells and thymocytes is regulated by miR-181b-5p and miR-30b","volume":"114","author":"Cotrim-Sousa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Immunol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5678","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502010","article-title":"Foxn1 protein expression in the developing, aging, and regenerating thymus","volume":"195","author":"Rode","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3537","article-title":"Foxn1 regulates key target genes essential for T cell development in postnatal thymic epithelial cells","volume":"17","author":"\u017duklys","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-05-156265","article-title":"Foxn1 is required to maintain the postnatal thymic microenvironment in a dosage-sensitive manner","volume":"113","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500558","article-title":"Differential features of AIRE-induced and AIRE-independent promiscuous gene expression in thymic epithelial cells","volume":"195","author":"St-Pierre","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxy073","article-title":"Hassall's corpuscles with cellular-senescence features maintain IFN\u03b1 production through neutrophils and pDC activation in the thymus","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Immunol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0345-2","article-title":"Thymic tuft cells promote an IL4-enriched medulla and shape thymocyte development","volume":"559","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3299","article-title":"A dynamic niche provides Kit ligand in a stage-specific manner to the earliest thymocyte progenitors","volume":"18","author":"Buono","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809559106","article-title":"Characterization of the thymic IL-7 niche in vivo","volume":"106","author":"Alves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.2.377","article-title":"Lymphoid development in mice with a targeted deletion of the interleukin 2 receptor gamma chain","volume":"92","author":"DiSanto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2010.142","article-title":"Finding their niche: chemokines directing cell migration in the thymus","volume":"89","author":"Bunting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115715","article-title":"Zoned out: functional mapping of stromal signaling microenvironments in the thymus","volume":"25","author":"Petrie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1781","article-title":"Journey through the thymus: stromal guides for T-cell development and selection","volume":"6","author":"Takahama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801288","article-title":"PSMB11 orchestrates the development of CD4 and CD8 thymocytes via regulation of gene expression in cortical thymic epithelial cells","volume":"202","author":"Apavaloaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1141915","article-title":"Regulation of CD8+ T cell development by thymus-specific proteasomes","volume":"316","author":"Murata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200839175","article-title":"Thymus-specific serine protease regulates positive selection of a subset of CD4+ thymocytes","volume":"39","author":"Gommeaux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5362.450","article-title":"Cathepsin L: critical role in ii degradation and CD4 T cell selection in the thymus","volume":"280","author":"Nakagawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20092203","article-title":"CD83 increases MHC II and CD86 on dendritic cells by opposing IL-10-driven MARCH1-mediated ubiquitination and degradation","volume":"208","author":"Tze","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160316","article-title":"Thymic CD4 T cell selection requires attenuation of March8-mediated MHCII turnover in cortical epithelial cells through CD83","volume":"213","author":"von Rohrscheidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14419","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14419","article-title":"Foxn1-\u03b25t transcriptional axis controls CD8+ T-cell production in the thymus","volume":"8","author":"Uddin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.07.017","article-title":"Conversion of the thymus into a bipotent lymphoid organ by replacement of FOXN1 with its paralog, FOXN4","volume":"8","author":"Swann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.04.015","article-title":"A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of thymus organogenesis resolves cell types and developmental maturation","volume":"48","author":"Kernfeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0151666","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151666","article-title":"Foxn1 is dynamically regulated in thymic epithelial cells during embryogenesis and at the onset of thymic involution","volume":"11","author":"O'Neill","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3777","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-02-004531","article-title":"Developmental kinetics, turnover, and stimulatory capacity of thymic epithelial cells","volume":"108","author":"Gray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5723","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-03-342097","article-title":"Overexpression of Foxn1 attenuates age-associated thymic involution and prevents the expansion of peripheral CD4 memory T cells","volume":"118","author":"Zook","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxf042","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the mouse involuted thymus: aberrations in expression of transcription regulators in thymocyte and epithelial compartments","volume":"14","author":"Ortman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int Immunol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03118\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T23:39:11Z","timestamp":1579045151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03118\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03118","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]]},"article-number":"3118"}}