{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:57:17Z","timestamp":1790690237031,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1191438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1191438"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1140431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1140431"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1180385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1180385"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3170424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3170424"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["170004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["170004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21130598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21130598"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2117036E6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2117036E6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C14S02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C14S02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EQM140016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EQM140016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T06:40:06Z","timestamp":1588056006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Thymic B Cells Promote Germinal Center-Like Structures and the Expansion of Follicular Helper T Cells in Lupus-Prone Mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yessia","family":"Hidalgo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Jose","family":"Fuenzalida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Flores-Santib\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo J.","family":"S\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Dorner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Lennon-Dumenil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Zorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Rosemblatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Sauma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Rosa","family":"Bono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20042251","volume":"201","author":"Yurasov","year":"2005","journal-title":". J Exp Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2015.0423","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"112","author":"Kuhn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2104","article-title":"Immunosenescence of ageing","volume":"211","author":"Gruver","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pathol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.03.011","article-title":"Ectopic germinal centers, BAFF and anti-B-cell therapy in myasthenia gravis","volume":"12","author":"Berrih-Aknin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2010.74","article-title":"Thymoma and autoimmunity","volume":"8","author":"Shelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13519","article-title":"Thymus involvement in early-onset myasthenia gravis","volume":"1412","author":"Cron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(63)90458-6","volume":"2","author":"Mackay","year":"1963","journal-title":". Lancet"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"596","article-title":"Alteration of T cell maturation and proliferation in the mouse thymus induced by serum factors from patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"68","author":"Watanabe","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000237125","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus and thymoma\u2013a double-edged sword","volume":"108","author":"Zandman-Goddard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15372","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015372","article-title":"B cells participate in thymic negative selection of murine auto-reactive CD4+ T cells","volume":"5","author":"Frommer","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17011","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1313001110","article-title":"Autoreactive thymic B cells are efficient antigen-presenting cells of cognate self-antigens for T cell negative selection","volume":"110","author":"Perera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.05.013","article-title":"Thymic B cells are licensed to present self antigens for central T cell tolerance induction","volume":"42","author":"Yamano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00376","article-title":"Thymic B cells and central T cell tolerance","volume":"6","author":"Yamano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaah4447","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aah4447","article-title":"The human thymus perivascular space is a functional niche for viral-specific plasma cells","volume":"1","author":"Nu\u00f1ez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Immunol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939914","article-title":"Ectopic GC in the thymus of myasthenia gravis patients show characteristics of normal GC","volume":"40","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.03.007","article-title":"The different roles of the thymus in the pathogenesis of the various myasthenia gravis subtypes","volume":"12","author":"Marx","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474512","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/474512","article-title":"Thymoma in myasthenia gravis: from diagnosis to treatment","volume":"2011","author":"Romi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1611704","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Thymectomy in Myasthenia Gravis","volume":"375","author":"Wolfe","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(03)00938-3","article-title":"The immunologic role of thymectomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis: implication of thymus-associated B-lymphocyte subset in reduction of the anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody titer","volume":"126","author":"Okumura","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01281","article-title":"Thymic B cell-mediated attack of thymic stroma precedes type 1 diabetes development","volume":"9","author":"Pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1966.66","article-title":"Plasma cells in the human thymus","volume":"44","author":"Goldstein","year":"1966","journal-title":"Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5550.475","article-title":"The thymus in systemic lupus erythematosus: a quantitative histopathological analysis and comparison with stress involution","volume":"2","author":"Goldstein","year":"1967","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/39.9.1044","article-title":"Thymoma-associated systemic lupus erythematosus, exacerbating after thymectomy. a case report and review of the literature","volume":"39","author":"Boonen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.12.1393","article-title":"Aberrant high expression of B lymphocyte chemokine (BLC\/CXCL13) by C11b+CD11c+ dendritic cells in murine lupus preferential chemotaxis of B1 cells towards BLC","volume":"193","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425373","article-title":"Aberrant B1 cell migration into the thymus results in activation of CD4 T cells through its potent antigen-presenting activity in the development of murine lupus","volume":"34","author":"Sato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.01.015","article-title":"Age-associated decline in thymic B cell expression of aire and aire-dependent self-antigens","volume":"22","author":"Cepeda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.4.3.11789","article-title":"The thymus microenvironment in regulating thymocyte differentiation","volume":"4","author":"Gameiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Adh Migr"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00946.x","article-title":"B-lymphocyte biology","volume":"237","author":"Kurosaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol Rev."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2017.03.006","article-title":"Plasma cell and memory B cell differentiation from the germinal center","volume":"45","author":"Suan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3349","article-title":"Multifunctional role of the transcription factor Blimp-1 in coordinating plasma cell differentiation","volume":"17","author":"Minnich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90321-2","article-title":"Blimp-1, a novel zinc finger-containing protein that can drive the maturation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulin-secreting cells","volume":"77","author":"Turner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.5.1639","article-title":"Cross-linking the murine heat-stable antigen induces apoptosis in B cell precursors and suppresses the anti-CD40-induced proliferation of mature resting B lymphocytes","volume":"184","author":"Chappel","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200009)30:9<2686::AID-IMMU2686>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Regulation of cell survival during B lymphopoiesis: increased pre-B cell apoptosis in CD24-transgenic mouse bone marrow","volume":"30","author":"Lu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1272","article-title":"Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay: a \u2018nonsense\u2019 pathway makes sense in stem cell biology","volume":"46","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.245506.114","article-title":"A post-translational regulatory switch on UPF1 controls targeted mRNA degradation","volume":"28","author":"Kurosaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20150435","article-title":"Btn2a2, a T cell immunomodulatory molecule coregulated with MHC class II genes","volume":"213","author":"Sarter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3493","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30563","article-title":"Identification of novel genetic susceptibility loci in African American lupus patients in a candidate gene association study","volume":"63","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.472","article-title":"Genome-wide association study in a Chinese Han population identifies nine new susceptibility loci for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"41","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Genet."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02683-x","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 is a critical transcription factor for IL-10-producing B cells in autoimmune disease","volume":"9","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5969","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.9.5969","article-title":"Impaired immune responses and B-cell proliferation in mice lacking the Id3 gene","volume":"19","author":"Pan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00150-16","article-title":"Id3 Orchestrates germinal center B cell development","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5526","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201885","article-title":"Galectin 1 modulates plasma cell homeostasis and regulates the humoral immune response","volume":"190","author":"Anginot","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.58","article-title":"Follicular helper T cells in immunity and systemic autoimmunity","volume":"8","author":"Craft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01637","article-title":"T follicular helper cells in autoimmune disorders","volume":"9","author":"Gensous","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.02047-06","article-title":"Germinal center marker GL7 probes activation-dependent repression of N-glycolylneuraminic acid, a sialic acid species involved in the negative modulation of B-cell activation","volume":"27","author":"Naito","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211499","article-title":"B cell OX40L supports T follicular helper cell development and contributes to SLE pathogenesis","volume":"76","author":"Cortini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.11.020","article-title":"Persistent antigen and germinal center B cells sustain T follicular helper cell responses and phenotype","volume":"38","author":"Baumjohann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830220527","article-title":"Origin of thymic and peritoneal Ly-1 B cells","volume":"22","author":"Than","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5221","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.10.5221","article-title":"B lymphopoiesis in the thymus","volume":"164","author":"Akashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242408","article-title":"MCP-1\/CCR2 interactions direct migration of peripheral B and T lymphocytes to the thymus during acute infectious\/inflammatory processes","volume":"42","author":"Hodge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.2741\/2188","article-title":"Aberrant B1 cell trafficking in a murine model for lupus","volume":"12","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7550","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6885","article-title":"Novel CXCL13 transgenic mouse: inflammation drives pathogenic effect of CXCL13 in experimental myasthenia gravis","volume":"7","author":"Weiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxs067","article-title":"High levels of IL-7 cause dysregulation of thymocyte development","volume":"24","author":"El-Kassar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Immunol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041343","article-title":"Ongoing Dll4-Notch signaling is required for T-cell homeostasis in the adult thymus","volume":"41","author":"Billiard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2012.665524","article-title":"Germinal center B-cells","volume":"45","author":"Hamel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.09.001","article-title":"Germinal center B Cell dynamics","volume":"45","author":"Mesin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-014-8985-1","article-title":"Intrathymic Tfh\/B cells interaction leads to ectopic GCs formation and Anti-AChR antibody production: central role in triggering MG occurrence","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.21037\/med.2018.12.04","article-title":"The pathology of the thymus in myasthenia gravis","volume":"2","author":"Marx","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediastinum"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00696\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T06:41:45Z","timestamp":1588056105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00696\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00696","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"article-number":"696"}}