{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T17:36:20Z","timestamp":1767202580598,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Visceral leishmaniasis (VL)-related mortality and morbidity imposes a great deal of health concern across the globe. The existing anti-leishmanial drug regimen generally fails to eliminate newly emerging resistant isolates of this dreadful parasite. In such circumstances, the development of a prophylactic strategy to impart protection against the disease is likely to take center stage. In order to develop a promising prophylactic vaccine, it is desirable to identify an adequately potential vaccine candidate.\n                    <jats:italic>In silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    analysis of\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    tubulin folding cofactor D protein predicted its potential to activate both B- and T-cell repertoires. Furthermore, the ELISA employing anti-peptide\n                    <jats:sub>27<\/jats:sub>\n                    (a segment of tubulin folding cofactor D) antibody revealed its proficiency in VL diagnosis and treatment monitoring. The peptide\n                    <jats:sub>27<\/jats:sub>\n                    and its cocktail with another\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    peptide (peptide\n                    <jats:sub>23<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) prompted the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, IL-2, IL-17,\n                    <jats:italic>etc<\/jats:italic>\n                    ., and the down-regulation of immune-regulatory cytokines, such as IL-10, in the immunized BALB\/c mice. Coherent to the consequence of peptide-specific humoral immune response, peptide cocktail-based immunization ensued in the predominant amplification of pathogen-specific IgG2a over the IgG1 isotype, up-regulated proliferation of T lymphocytes, and enhanced production of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species,\n                    <jats:italic>etc<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We also established that the peptide cocktail modulated host MAPK signaling to favor the amplification of Th\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -dominated immune response in the host. The peptide cocktail mediated the activation of the host immune armory, which was eventually translated into a significant decline in parasitic load in the visceral organs of experimental animals challenged with\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T00:22:41Z","timestamp":1591057361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["RETRACTED: Leishmania-Specific Promiscuous Membrane Protein Tubulin Folding Cofactor D Divulges Th1\/Th2 Polarization in the Host via ERK-1\/2 and p38 MAPK Signaling Cascade"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fauzia","family":"Jamal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manish 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