{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T01:22:04Z","timestamp":1777425724429,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T12:59:38Z","timestamp":1588942778000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Could BCG Vaccination Induce Protective Trained Immunity for SARS-CoV-2?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Camila","family":"Covi\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angello","family":"Retamal-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexis M.","family":"Kalergis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00623-0","article-title":"The global value of vaccination","volume":"21","author":"Ehreth","year":"2003","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics Outcomes News"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00026","article-title":"Assessing the importance of domestic vaccine manufacturing centers: an overview of immunization programs, vaccine manufacture, and distribution","volume":"9","author":"Rey-Jurado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2039","article-title":"Immunological mechanisms of vaccination","volume":"131","author":"Pulendran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1334026","article-title":"A safe and efficient BCG vectored vaccine to prevent the disease caused by the human Respiratory Syncytial Virus","volume":"13","author":"Rey-Jurado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2016.09.009","article-title":"The vaccine development process","volume":"56","author":"Rolling","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Pharm Assoc"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.12.010","article-title":"BCG vaccination protects against experimental viral infection in humans through the induction of cytokines associated with trained immunity","volume":"23","author":"Arts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.04.006","article-title":"Trained immunity: a memory for innate host defense","volume":"9","author":"Netea","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02806","article-title":"BCG-induced cross-protection and development of trained immunity: implication for vaccine design","volume":"10","author":"Covi\u00e1n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"Global World Health Organization2018"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2018.06.002","article-title":"Non-specific effects of vaccines: current evidence and potential implications","volume":"39","author":"De Bree","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ144","article-title":"Nonspecific (heterologous) protection of neonatal BCG vaccination against hospitalization due to respiratory infection and sepsis","volume":"60","author":"De Castro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003035","article-title":"NK cells and immune memory","volume":"186","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17537","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202870109","article-title":"Bacille Calmette-Guerin induces NOD2-dependent nonspecific protection from reinfection via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes","volume":"109","author":"Kleinnijenhuis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4MA0215-059R","article-title":"Long-term in vitro and in vivo effects of \u03b3-irradiated BCG on innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"98","author":"Arts","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1159\/000355628","article-title":"Long-lasting effects of BCG vaccination on both heterologous Th1\/Th17 responses and innate trained immunity","volume":"6","author":"Kleinnijenhuis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Inntae Immun."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.08.004","article-title":"\u03b2-glucan-induced trained immunity protects against Leishmania braziliensis infection: a crucial role for IL-32","volume":"28","author":"dos Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.06.006","article-title":"Candida albicans infection affords protection against reinfection via functional reprogramming of monocytes","volume":"12","author":"Quintin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1438-4221(00)80083-1","article-title":"Comparative genomics of the mycobacteria","volume":"290","author":"Brosch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.178.5.1274-1282.1996","article-title":"Molecular analysis of genetic differences between Mycobacterium bovis BCG and virulent M. bovis","volume":"178","author":"Mahairas","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2015.216","article-title":"Variable virulence and efficacy of BCG vaccine strains in mice and correlation with genome polymorphisms","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01549.x","article-title":"Comparative proteome analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG strains: towards functional genomics of microbial pathogens","volume":"33","author":"Jungblut","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00316","article-title":"Vaccination against tuberculosis: revamping BCG by molecular genetics guided by immunology","volume":"11","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru168","article-title":"Trained immunity: consequences for the heterologous effects of BCG vaccination","volume":"109","author":"Kleinnijenhuis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz692","article-title":"Trained immunity confers broad-spectrum protection against bacterial infections","author":"Ciarlo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B25","first-page":"185","article-title":"The efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccinations for the prevention of acute upper respiratory tract infection in the elderly","volume":"43","author":"Wardhana Datau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Med Indones"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.12233","article-title":"The association of BCG vaccination with atopy and asthma in adults","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02471","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-Induced trained immunity is not protective for experimental influenza A\/Anhui\/1\/2013 (H7N9) infection in mice","volume":"9","author":"de Bree","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0180143","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180143","article-title":"Boosting efferocytosis in alveolar space using BCG vaccine to protect host against influenza pneumonia","volume":"12","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/136.2.171","article-title":"Nonspecific protection of mice against influenza virus infection by local or systemic immunization with bacille Calmette-Guerin","volume":"136","author":"Spencer","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.04.020","article-title":"Non-specific effects of BCG vaccine on viral infections","volume":"25","author":"Moorlag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02936","article-title":"Trained immunity-based vaccines: a new paradigm for the development of broad-spectrum anti-infectious formulations","volume":"9","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Ram\u00f3n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.07.937862","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: the species and its viruses - a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group","author":"Gorbalenya","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-020-00240-0","article-title":"The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.27.20029009","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 36 non-survivors with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.03.20029843","article-title":"Effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions for containing the COVID-19 outbreak in China","volume":"26","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20822","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806244105","article-title":"Protective T cell immunity against respiratory syncytial virus is efficiently induced by recombinant BCG","volume":"105","author":"Bueno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02875","article-title":"Recombinant BCG vaccines reduce pneumovirus-caused airway pathology by inducing protective humoral immunity","volume":"9","author":"Soto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300118","article-title":"Immunization with a Recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin strain confers protective Th1 immunity against the human metapneumovirus","volume":"192","author":"Palavecino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7633","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903452","article-title":"Efficient lung recruitment of respiratory syncytial virus-specific Th1 cells induced by recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin Promotes virus clearance and protects from infection","volume":"185","author":"Cautivo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.12.048","article-title":"A single, low dose of a cGMP recombinant BCG vaccine elicits protective T cell immunity against the human respiratory syncytial virus infection and prevents lung pathology in mice","volume":"35","author":"C\u00e9spedes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3113\/JSOA.2020.0036","article-title":"Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.271.9.698","article-title":"Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis: meta-analysis of the published literature","volume":"271","author":"Colditz","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2004.00517.x","article-title":"Lower prevalence of reported asthma in adolescents with symptoms of rhinitis that received neonatal BCG","volume":"59","author":"Da Cunha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Allergy Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1346","article-title":"Screening and Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children in Madrid, Spain","author":"Tagarro","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2003717","article-title":"Detection of Covid-19 in children in early January 2020 in Wuhan, China","volume":"382","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016","article-title":"Revaccination with live attenuated vaccines confer additional beneficial nonspecific effects on overall survival: a review","volume":"10","author":"Benn","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c671","article-title":"Effect of revaccination with BCG in early childhood on mortality: randomised trial in Guinea-Bissau","volume":"340","author":"Roth","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B48","unstructured":"Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) Vaccination and COVID-19"},{"key":"B49","unstructured":"Countries in the World by Population2020"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00970\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T12:59:40Z","timestamp":1588942780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00970\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00970","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]]},"article-number":"970"}}