{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:46:57Z","timestamp":1788266817228,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81570512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81570512"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81790631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81790631"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81790634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81790634"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LQ19H030007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQ19H030007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T04:16:03Z","timestamp":1599711363000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Fecal Metabolites Were Altered, Identified as Biomarkers and Correlated With Disease Activity in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a GC-MS-Based Metabolomics Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ren","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ninghan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longxian","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780251101","article-title":"The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"25","author":"Tan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400928","article-title":"Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"40","author":"Hochberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.18926\/AMO\/32807","article-title":"Delay in the diagnosis of SLE: the importance of arthritis\/arthralgia as the initial symptom","volume":"57","author":"Ozbek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Med Okayama"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.53.6.424","article-title":"The use of laboratory tests in the diagnosis of SLE","volume":"53","author":"Egner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23712","article-title":"Antinuclear antibody-negative systemic lupus erythematosus in an international inception cohort","volume":"71","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.2217\/ijr.13.59","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus diagnostics in the 'omics' era","volume":"8","author":"Arriens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Clin Rheumtol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22835","article-title":"Axl, ferritin, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2, and tumor necrosis factor receptor type II as biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"68","author":"Mok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.3734","article-title":"Urinary metabolomic study of systemic lupus erythematosus based on gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry","volume":"30","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Chromatogr"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.3109\/14397595.2016.1158895","article-title":"Serum metabolomic profiling in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus by GC\/MS","volume":"26","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2018.1481391","article-title":"A review of validated biomarkers obtained through metabolomics","volume":"18","author":"Lopez-Lopez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.07.032","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid evidence of increased extra-mitochondrial glucose metabolism implicates mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple sclerosis disease progression","volume":"275","author":"Regenold","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20572","article-title":"Measures of adult systemic lupus erythematosus: updated version of British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG 2004), European Consensus Lupus Activity Measurements (ECLAM), Systemic Lupus Activity Measure, Revised (SLAM-R), Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire for Population Studies (SLAQ), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K), and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics\/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SDI)","volume":"63","author":"Romero-Diaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01967","article-title":"Butyrate protects mice against methionine-choline-deficient diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by improving gut barrier function, attenuating inflammation and reducing endotoxin levels","volume":"9","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W486","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky310","article-title":"MetaboAnalyst 4.0: towards more transparent and integrative metabolomics analysis","volume":"46","author":"Chong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00976","article-title":"Fecal metabolomics and potential biomarkers for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73076","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073076","article-title":"The human urine metabolome","volume":"8","author":"Bouatra","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203311418707","article-title":"1H NMR-based metabolomic study of metabolic profiling for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"20","author":"Ouyang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0159384","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159384","article-title":"Metabolic profiling of systemic lupus erythematosus and comparison with primary sjogren's syndrome and systemic sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.8b00192","article-title":"NMR-based serum metabolomics reveals reprogramming of lipid dysregulation following cyclophosphamide-based induction therapy in lupus nephritis","volume":"17","author":"Guleria","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2019.04.006","article-title":"Metabolism as a key regulator in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"48","author":"Takeshima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(00)80079-0","article-title":"Enhanced tryptophan degradation in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"201","author":"Widner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203317707825","article-title":"Gastrointestinal system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-011-0360-8","article-title":"The role of ATP-binding cassette transporters in bacterial pathogenicity","volume":"249","author":"Lewis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaam7019","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam7019","article-title":"Clostridioides difficile uses amino acids associated with gut microbial dysbiosis in a subset of patients with diarrhea","volume":"10","author":"Battaglioli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5105","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00668-07","article-title":"Severe tryptophan starvation blocks onset of conventional persistence and reduces reactivation of Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"75","author":"Leonhardt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.10.071","article-title":"Phenylalanine enhances innate immune response to clear ceftazidime-resistant Vibrio alginolyticus in Danio rerio","volume":"84","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/95.2.184","article-title":"Some effects of amino acid deficiencies on antibody formation in the rat","volume":"95","author":"Gershoff","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2005.524","article-title":"Effect of in ovo injection of critical amino acids on pre- and post-hatch growth, immunocompetence and development of digestive organs in broiler chickens","volume":"18","author":"Bhanja","year":"2005","journal-title":"Asian Austr J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.07.004","article-title":"Dietary tryptophan modulates intestinal immune response, barrier function, antioxidant status and gene expression of TOR and Nrf2 in young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)","volume":"40","author":"Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-019-0338-2","article-title":"Synthesis and reactivity of precolibactin 886","volume":"11","author":"Healy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Chem"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2013.147","article-title":"Oxidative stress in the pathology and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"9","author":"Perl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr777","article-title":"Prognostic molecular markers in early breast cancer","volume":"6","author":"Esteva","year":"2004","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew401","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus diagnosis and management","volume":"56","author":"Thong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-015-0772-0","article-title":"Comprehensive metabolome analyses reveal N-acetylcysteine-responsive accumulation of kynurenine in systemic lupus erythematosus: implications for activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin","volume":"11","author":"Perl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2013.07.011","article-title":"Reduced insular glutamine and N-acetylaspartate in systemic lupus erythematosus: a single-voxel 1H-MR spectroscopy study","volume":"20","author":"Cagnoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-017-1308-6","article-title":"Analysis of the free fatty acid metabolome in the plasma of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and fever","volume":"14","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolomics"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02138\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T04:16:06Z","timestamp":1599711366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02138\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02138","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]},"article-number":"2138"}}