{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T19:40:32Z","timestamp":1767987632274,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.569611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T05:09:32Z","timestamp":1601356172000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Immune Correlates of COVID-19 Control"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bhawna","family":"Poonia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Kottilil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study.","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1732","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of coronavirus infections: implications for SARS.","volume":"5","author":"Perlman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1172\/jci137647","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: a storm is raging.","volume":"130","author":"Pedersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa248","article-title":"Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China.","volume":"71","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0819-2","article-title":"Breadth of concomitant immune responses prior to patient recovery: a case report of non-severe COVID-19.","volume":"26","author":"Thevarajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.137799","article-title":"The laboratory tests and host immunity of COVID-19 patients with different severity of illness.","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0402-2","article-title":"Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients.","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol."},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Immune cell profiling of COVID-19 patients in the recovery stage by single-cell sequencing.","volume":"6","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.013","article-title":"A possible role for B cells in COVID-19? Lesson from patients with agammaglobulinemia.","volume":"146","author":"Quinti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0401-3","article-title":"Elevated exhaustion levels and reduced functional diversity of T cells in peripheral blood may predict severe progression in COVID-19 patients.","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1172\/jci137244","article-title":"Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019.","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17292-4","article-title":"Marked T cell activation, senescence, exhaustion and skewing towards TH17 in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.","volume":"11","author":"De Biasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.17.20061440","article-title":"Presence of SARS-CoV-2 reactive T cells in COVID-19 patients and healthy controls.","author":"Braun","year":"","journal-title":"medRxiv."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.015","article-title":"Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals.","volume":"181","author":"Grifoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression.","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0305-6","article-title":"In the eye of the COVID-19 cytokine storm.","volume":"20","author":"Vaninov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.02.20029975","article-title":"Exuberant elevation of IP-10, MCP-3 and IL-1ra during SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with disease severity and fatal outcome.","author":"Yang","year":"","journal-title":"MedRxiv."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6261","article-title":"Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe COVID-19 infection in humans.","volume":"369","author":"Arunachalam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0308-3","article-title":"COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy.","volume":"20","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.009","article-title":"Complex immune dysregulation in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure.","volume":"27","author":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.017","article-title":"Heightened innate immune responses in the respiratory tract of COVID-19 patients.","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2020.111888","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps induced by cigarette smoke contribute to airway inflammation in mice.","volume":"389","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1747363","article-title":"Transcriptomic characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in COVID-19 patients.","volume":"9","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.03.300","article-title":"Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, to treat COVID-19-related respiratory failure: a case report.","volume":"31","author":"Michot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Oncol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30858-8","article-title":"Trials of anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy for COVID-19 are urgently needed.","volume":"395","author":"Feldman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd3871","article-title":"Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans.","volume":"4","author":"Mateus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2550-z","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls.","volume":"584","author":"Le Bert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.05.006","article-title":"Airway memory CD4(+) T cells mediate protective immunity against emerging respiratory coronaviruses.","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.017","article-title":"Robust T cell immunity in convalescent individuals with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19.","author":"Sekine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6284","article-title":"DNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques.","volume":"369","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18077-5","article-title":"An adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine confers protection from SARS-COV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques.","volume":"11","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2607-z","article-title":"Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques.","author":"Mercado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(20)30196-1","article-title":"Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study.","volume":"20","author":"To","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa344","article-title":"Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019.","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa979","article-title":"Magnitude and kinetics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses and their relationship to disease severity.","author":"Lynch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.09.20148429","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation and decline of antibody responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection.","author":"Seow","year":"","journal-title":"MedRxiv."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abd7114","article-title":"Comprehensive mapping of immune perturbations associated with severe COVID-19.","volume":"5","author":"Kuri-Cervantes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Immunol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8511","article-title":"Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications.","volume":"369","author":"Mathew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0944-y","article-title":"A single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response in patients with severe COVID-19.","volume":"26","author":"Wilk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.13.990226","article-title":"Lack of reinfection in Rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2.","author":"Bao","year":"","journal-title":"bioRxiv."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc4776","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques.","volume":"369","author":"Chandrashekar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2020.168","article-title":"South Korea\u2019s COVID-19 infection status: from the perspective of re-positive after viral clearance by negative testing.","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0965-6","article-title":"Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections.","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.21.20159178","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection induces sustained humoral immune responses in convalescent patients following symptomatic COVID-19.","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"MedRxiv."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7264","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903490","article-title":"Lack of peripheral memory B cell responses in recovered patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a six-year follow-up study.","volume":"186","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.11.20171843","article-title":"Functional SARS-CoV-2-specific immune memory persists after mild COVID-19.","author":"Rodda","year":"","journal-title":"medRxiv."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.30.20047365","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in a COVID-19 recovered patient cohort and their implications.","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"medRxiv."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.02.001","article-title":"Genome composition and divergence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in China.","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.11.006","article-title":"T-cell immunity of SARS-CoV: implications for vaccine development against MERS-CoV.","volume":"137","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8534-z","article-title":"T cell-mediated immune response to respiratory coronaviruses.","volume":"59","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11034","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01505-14","article-title":"Virus-specific memory CD8 T cells provide substantial protection from lethal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection.","volume":"88","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.02.014","article-title":"Human immunopathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).","volume":"133","author":"Cameron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1086\/381535","article-title":"Significant changes of peripheral T lymphocyte subsets in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome.","volume":"189","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0629-x","article-title":"Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology.","volume":"39","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.1.591","article-title":"Response of memory CD8+ T cells to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus in recovered SARS patients and healthy individuals.","volume":"175","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.07.015","article-title":"Human CD4(+) memory T-lymphocyte responses to SARS coronavirus infection.","volume":"368","author":"Libraty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-0422","article-title":"Patients with cancer appear more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2: a multicenter study during the COVID-19 outbreak.","volume":"10","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e314","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-3018(20)30111-9","article-title":"COVID-19 in patients with HIV: clinical case series.","volume":"7","author":"Blanco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet HIV."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.45123","article-title":"Perspectives on therapeutic neutralizing antibodies against the novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc4262","article-title":"Can existing live vaccines prevent COVID-19?","volume":"368","author":"Chumakov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.042","article-title":"Trained immunity: a tool for reducing susceptibility to and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.","volume":"181","author":"Netea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0337-y","article-title":"BCG-induced trained immunity: can it offer protection against COVID-19?","volume":"20","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.569611\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:33:33Z","timestamp":1668990813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.569611\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2020.569611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.569611","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"article-number":"569611"}}