{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T23:40:22Z","timestamp":1775518822102,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001323","name":"Poliomyelitis Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>A growing body of knowledge exists on the influence of helminth infections on allergies and unrelated infections in the lung and<jats:underline>g<\/jats:underline>astro<jats:underline>i<\/jats:underline>ntestinal (GI) mucosa. However, the bystander effects of helminth infections on the female genital mucosa and reproductive health is understudied but important considering the high prevalence of helminth exposure and sexually transmitted infections in<jats:underline>l<\/jats:underline>ow- and<jats:underline>m<\/jats:underline>iddle-<jats:underline>i<\/jats:underline>ncome<jats:underline>c<\/jats:underline>ountries (LMICs). In this review, we explore current knowledge about the direct and systemic effects of helminth infections on unrelated diseases. We summarize host disease-controlling immunity of important sexually transmitted infections and introduce the limited knowledge of how helminths infections directly cause pathology to female reproductive tract (FRT), alter susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections and reproduction. We also review work by others on type 2 immunity in the FRT and hypothesize how these insights may guide future work to help understand how helminths alter FRT health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.577516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T05:24:23Z","timestamp":1606109063000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Impact of Helminth Infections on Female Reproductive Health and Associated Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alisha","family":"Chetty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Millicent A.","family":"Omondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Butters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine Ann","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gnatoulma","family":"Katawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Layland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Horsnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.10.002","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections: updating the global picture","volume":"19","author":"de Silva","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201142161","article-title":"Suppression of type 2 immunity and allergic airway inflammation by secreted products of the helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus","volume":"42","author":"McSorley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.131","article-title":"Acute helminth infection enhances early macrophage mediated control of mycobacterial infection","volume":"6","author":"du Plessis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3341","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003341","article-title":"Natural and vaccine-mediated immunity to Salmonella Typhimurium is impaired by the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis","volume":"8","author":"Bobat","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13055","article-title":"Zoonotic helminth exposure and risk of allergic diseases: A study of two generations in Norway","volume":"48","author":"J\u00f5gi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02893","article-title":"Human Hookworm Infection Enhances Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition and Associates With Reduced Risk of Tuberculosis Infection","volume":"9","author":"O\u2019Shea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06978-5","article-title":"Helminth-induced IL-4 expands bystander memory CD8(+) T cells for early control of viral infection","volume":"9","author":"Rolot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Sexually transmitted infections: implementing the Global STI Strategy: Evidence-to-action brief. 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