{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T14:49:08Z","timestamp":1787496548091,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Postoperative ileus (POI) is triggered by an innate immune response in the muscularis externa (ME) and is accompanied by bacterial translocation. Bacteria can trigger an innate immune response\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    toll-like receptor (TLR) activation, but the latter\u2019s contribution to POI has been disproved for several TLRs, including TLR2 and TLR4. Herein we investigated the role of double-stranded RNA detection\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    TLR3 and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-\u03b2 (TRIF) signaling pathway in POI. POI was induced by small bowel intestinal manipulation in wt, TRIF\n                    <jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                    , TLR3\n                    <jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                    , type I interferon receptor\n                    <jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>\n                    and interferon-\u03b2 reporter mice, all on C57BL\/6 background, and POI severity was quantified by gene expression analysis, gastrointestinal transit and leukocyte extravasation into the ME. TRIF\/TLR3 deficiency reduced postoperative ME inflammation and prevented POI. With bone marrow transplantation, RNA-sequencing, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry we revealed a distinct TLR3-expressing radio-resistant MHCII\n                    <jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>\n                    CX3CR1\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    IBA-1\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    resident macrophage population within the deep myenteric plexus. TLR3 deficiency in these cells, but not in MHCII\n                    <jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>\n                    CX3CR1\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    macrophages, reduced cytokine expression in POI. While this might not be an exclusive macrophage-privileged pathway, the TLR3\/TRIF axis contributes to proinflammatory cytokine production in MHCII\n                    <jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>\n                    CX3CR1\n                    <jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>\n                    IBA-1\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    macrophages during POI. Deficiency in TLR3\/TRIF protects mice from POI. These data suggest that TLR3 antagonism may prevent POI in humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.581111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T03:39:26Z","timestamp":1610595566000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Population of Radio-Resistant Macrophages in the Deep Myenteric Plexus Contributes to Postoperative Ileus Via Toll-Like Receptor 3 Signaling"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jana","family":"Enderes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpashree","family":"Mallesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiner","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristof 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