{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T11:54:46Z","timestamp":1771329286304,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.586781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T04:31:59Z","timestamp":1601440319000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Is Herd Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2 a Silver Lining?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ramachandran","family":"Vignesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esaki M.","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijayakumar","family":"Velu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sadras Panchatcharam","family":"Thyagarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","article-title":"An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400031478","article-title":"The Spread of Bacterial Infection. The Problem of Herd-Immunity","volume":"21","author":"Topley","year":"1923","journal-title":"J Hyg (Lond)"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036121","article-title":"Herd immunity: history, theory, practice","volume":"15","author":"Fine","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir007","article-title":"\u201cHerd immunity\u201d: a rough guide","volume":"52","author":"Fine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328352f727","article-title":"Vaccination and herd immunity: what more do we know","volume":"25","author":"Rashid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020236","article-title":"Dynamics of Population Immunity Due to the Herd Effect in the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121310","article-title":"Herd immunity: basic concept and relevance to public health immunization practices","volume":"94","author":"Fox","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-020-03263-6","article-title":"A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"87","author":"Singhal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-020-0075-9","article-title":"Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice","volume":"12","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.45123","article-title":"Perspectives on therapeutic neutralizing antibodies against the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.012","article-title":"Herd Immunity: Understanding COVID-19","volume":"52","author":"Randolph","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200282","article-title":"High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2","volume":"26","author":"Sanche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6810","article-title":"A mathematical model reveals the influence of population heterogeneity on herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"369","author":"Britton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020.07.23.20160762","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.23.20160762","article-title":"Herd immunity thresholds for SARS-CoV-2 estimated from unfolding epidemics","author":"Aguas","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.04.002","article-title":"Super-spreading events and contribution to transmission of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19","volume":"105","author":"Al-Tawfiq","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hospit Infect"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.200495","article-title":"Identifying and interrupting superspreading events\u2014implications for control of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2","volume":"26","author":"Frieden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.025","article-title":"Do superspreaders generate new superspreaders? a hypothesis to explain the propagation pattern of COVID-19","volume":"96","author":"Beldomenico","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020.07.02.20145490","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.02.20145490","article-title":"Heterogeneity in SIR epidemics modeling: superspreaders","author":"Szapudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2006.00783.x","article-title":"Longitudinal profile of antibodies against SARS-coronavirus in SARS patients and their clinical significance","volume":"11","author":"Mo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respirol Carlton Vic"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2210.160706","article-title":"Persistence of Antibodies against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus","volume":"22","author":"Payne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200841","article-title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients","volume":"26","author":"Okba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0897-1","article-title":"Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.015","article-title":"Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals","volume":"181","author":"Grifoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00430-w","article-title":"Pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2: the knowns and unknowns","volume":"7","author":"Sette","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabd3871","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd3871","article-title":"Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans","author":"Mateus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020.05.14.095414","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.14.095414","article-title":"Pre-existing and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020.05.18.101717","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.18.101717","article-title":"Immunologic perturbations in severe COVID-19\/SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Kuri-Cervantes","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0819-2","article-title":"Breadth of concomitant immune responses prior to patient recovery: a case report of non-severe COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Thevarajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100078","article-title":"Systems-level immunomonitoring from acute to recovery phase of severe COVID-19","volume":"1","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102763","article-title":"Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabc8511","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8511","article-title":"Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications","author":"Mathew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102885","article-title":"Reappearance of effector T cells is associated with recovery from COVID-19","volume":"57","author":"Odak","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2550-z","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls","volume":"584","author":"Le Bert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0995-0","article-title":"Humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell responses in recovered patients with COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Juno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020.03.30.20047365","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.30.20047365","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in a COVID-19 recovered patient cohort and their implications","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100040","article-title":"Rapid generation of neutralizing antibody responses in COVID-19 patients","volume":"1","author":"Suthar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2456-9","article-title":"Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals","volume":"584","author":"Robbiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2571-7","article-title":"Potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike","volume":"584","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30141-9","article-title":"Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.10044","article-title":"Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical Improvement in Patients With Severe and Life-threatening COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial]","volume":"324","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800048019","article-title":"The time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man","volume":"105","author":"Callow","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2025179","article-title":"Rapid decay of anti\u2013SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in persons with mild Covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Ibarrondo","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J M"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020.07.09.20148429","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.09.20148429","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation and decline of antibody responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Seow","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ciaa1275","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1275","article-title":"COVID-19 re-infection by a phylogenetically distinct SARS-coronavirus-2 strain confirmed by whole genome sequencing","author":"To","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc4776","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques","volume":"369","author":"Chandrashekar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.1002\/jmv.25870","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25870","article-title":"COVID-19: herd immunity and convalescent plasma transfer therapy","author":"Syal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3616010","article-title":"Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain (ENE-COVID): a nationwide, population-based seroepidemiological study","volume":"396","author":"Poll\u00e1n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8279","article-title":"Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2\u2013Specific Antibodies Among Adults in Los Angeles County, California, on April 10-11, 2020","volume":"323","author":"Sood","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020.04.26.20079822","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.26.20079822","article-title":"Estimation of seroprevalence of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) using preserved serum at an outpatient setting in Kobe, Japan: A cross-sectional study","author":"Doi","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30053-7","article-title":"Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong and in residents evacuated from Hubei province, China: a multicohort study","volume":"1","author":"To","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"B54","unstructured":"Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in India: Findings from the national serosurvey, May-June 20204860\n            MurhekarMV\n            BhatnagarT\n            SelvarajuS\n            RadeK\n            SaravanakumarV\n            Vivian ThangarajJW\n          10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_3290_20Indian J Med Res1522020"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30264-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national estimates of the population at increased risk of severe COVID-19 due to underlying health conditions in 2020: a modelling study","volume":"8","author":"Clark","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"B56","unstructured":"CNNFauci says Covid-19 vaccine may not get US to herd immunity if too many people refuse to get it"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.586781\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T04:32:18Z","timestamp":1601440338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.586781\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2020.586781"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.586781","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"article-number":"586781"}}