{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T02:22:40Z","timestamp":1770690160689,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.586984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T06:14:35Z","timestamp":1602828875000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Potential Cross-Reactive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 From Common Human Pathogens and Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Pedro A.","family":"Reche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40169-40020-00271-z","article-title":"novel coronavirus of pneumonia in Wuhan, China: emerging attack and management strategies","volume":"2020","author":"She","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(1020)30183-30185","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-41020-40695-z","article-title":"The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101623","article-title":"Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Rodriguez-Morales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104363","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 225 patients with COVID-19 in a tertiary Hospital near Wuhan, China","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-10020-03874-z","article-title":"The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19","volume":"39","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.2217\/ahe.2209.2269","article-title":"Effects of aging on the adaptive immune response to respiratory virus infections","volume":"5","author":"Fulton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aging Health"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.101016\/j.ijantimicag.102020.105982","article-title":"Cytokine storm and immunomodulatory therapy in COVID-19: Role of chloroquine and anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies","volume":"55","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02631","article-title":"Heterologous Immunity: Role in Natural and Vaccine-Induced Resistance to Infections","volume":"10","author":"Agrawal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1709","article-title":"Pathogenic epitopes, heterologous immunity and vaccine design","volume":"5","author":"Welsh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.01128\/CVI.00034-00017","article-title":"Waning Immunity and Microbial Vaccines-Workshop of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","volume":"24","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2680160","article-title":"Fundamentals and Methods for T- and B-Cell Epitope Prediction","volume":"2017","author":"Sanchez-Trincado","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-13019-14373-13102","article-title":"Proteomics of Bordetella pertussis whole-cell and acellular vaccines","volume":"12","author":"Moller","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes7020015","article-title":"More than a Toxin: Protein Inventory of Clostridium tetani Toxoid Vaccines","volume":"7","author":"Moller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proteomes"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14859.12682","article-title":"Typing complex meningococcal vaccines to understand diversity and population structure of key vaccine antigens","volume":"3","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/3325.3317.3389","article-title":"Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs","volume":"25","author":"Altschul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06244","article-title":"The human microbiome project","volume":"449","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/601943","article-title":"Selection of conserved epitopes from hepatitis C virus for pan-populational stimulation of T-cell responses","volume":"2013","author":"Molero-Abraham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-1187-1153","article-title":"Predicting population coverage of T-cell epitope-based diagnostics and vaccines","volume":"7","author":"Bui","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"NACCESS, Computer Program","author":"Hubbard","year":"1993"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.1003.1002","article-title":"Evaluation of non-reciprocal heterologous immunity between unrelated viruses","volume":"482","author":"Che","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02393-02308","article-title":"CD4 T-cell-mediated heterologous immunity between mycobacteria and poxviruses","volume":"83","author":"Mathurin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01618","article-title":"The Changing Landscape of Naive T Cell Receptor Repertoire With Human Aging","volume":"9","author":"Egorov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.2174\/138920212803759749","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms involved in the aging of the T-cell immune response","volume":"13","author":"Moro-Garcia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Genomics"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050341","article-title":"T cell aging: naive but not young","volume":"201","author":"Nikolich-Zugich","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050882","article-title":"Broadly targeted human cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells dominate the memory compartments of exposed subjects","volume":"202","author":"Sylwester","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.015","article-title":"Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals","volume":"20","author":"Grifoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.1136.1122.1539-1542.1998","article-title":"Viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the common cold","volume":"36","author":"Makela","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"020","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.21.990770","article-title":"Human neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"26","author":"Ju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.85409","article-title":"Human papilloma virus vaccines: Current scenario","volume":"32","author":"Pandhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.10.20053207","article-title":"Homologous protein domains in SARS-CoV-2 and measles, mumps and rubella viruses: preliminary evidence that MMR vaccine might provide protection against COVID-19","volume":"1","author":"Franklin","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.1003.1011","article-title":"Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(1090)90007-l","article-title":"Concentrations of long-chain acyl-acyl carrier proteins during fatty acid synthesis by chloroplasts isolated from pea (Pisum sativum), safflower (Carthamus tinctoris), and amaranthus (Amaranthus lividus) leaves","volume":"276","author":"Roughan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00455","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Diversity and Human Diseases: Should We Reintroduce Key Predators in Our Ecosystem","volume":"7","author":"Mosca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.0191371\/journal.pone.0196551","article-title":"Microbiota epitope similarity either dampens or enhances the immunogenicity of disease-associated antigenic epitopes","volume":"13","author":"Carrasco Pro","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.24.20042937","article-title":"Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(1520)31025-31024","article-title":"Considering BCG vaccination to reduce the impact of COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Curtis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-41020-40337-y","article-title":"BCG-induced trained immunity: can it offer protection against COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit1790","article-title":"Protection by BCG vaccine against tuberculosis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"58","author":"Mangtani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.2511.2011","article-title":"Immunometabolic Pathways in BCG-Induced Trained Immunity","volume":"17","author":"Arts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.1404.1020","article-title":"Non-specific effects of BCG vaccine on viral infections","volume":"25","author":"Moorlag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02936","article-title":"Trained Immunity-Based Vaccines: A New Paradigm for the Development of Broad-Spectrum Anti-infectious Formulations","volume":"9","author":"Sanchez-Ramon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12648","article-title":"What if protective immunity is antigen-driven and not due to so-called \u201cmemory\u201d B and T cells","volume":"283","author":"Zinkernagel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8189","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Rates in BCG-Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Young Adults","volume":"323","author":"Hamiel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/s0891-5520(1005)70046-70045","article-title":"Conjugated polysaccharide vaccines","volume":"13","author":"Ahmad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.1012.1021","article-title":"Associations between geographic region and immune response variations to pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in clinical trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Choe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention and control of meningococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"62","author":"Cohn","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5863\/1551-6776-5821.5861.5827","article-title":"A Review of Pneumococcal Vaccines: Current Polysaccharide Vaccine Recommendations and Future Protein Antigens","volume":"21","author":"Daniels","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.3004.3059","article-title":"Proteomics of diphtheria toxoid vaccines reveals multiple proteins that are immunogenic and may contribute to protection of humans against Corynebacterium diphtheriae","volume":"37","author":"Moller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.1211.1022","article-title":"and Wirsing von K\u221a\u2202nig, CH. Pertussis vaccines: The first hundred years","volume":"38","author":"Guiso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01643","article-title":"Current Concepts of Antigen Cross-Presentation","volume":"9","author":"Embgenbroich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015486117","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.17.20176370","article-title":"Suboptimal SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cell response associated with the prominent HLA-A*02:01 phenotype","volume":"10","author":"Habel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-41020-42180-41585","article-title":"Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor","volume":"581","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-41020-42179-y","article-title":"Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"581","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-41020-66384-41590","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum immunodominant IgG epitopes in subclinical malaria","volume":"10","author":"Azcarate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-12019-13052-12856","article-title":"Computational assembly of a human Cytomegalovirus vaccine upon experimental epitope legacy","volume":"20","author":"Quinzo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9363750","article-title":"Computer-Aided Design of an Epitope-Based Vaccine against Epstein-Barr Virus","volume":"2017","author":"Alonso-Padilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.20472016.21195072","article-title":"Meningococcal B vaccination: real-world experience and future perspectives","volume":"110","author":"Kuhdari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piz071","article-title":"Meningococcal Serogroup B Disease in Vaccinated Children","volume":"21","author":"Soler-Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01109.x","article-title":"Conjugate vaccines","volume":"119","author":"Goldblatt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.5008.5021","article-title":"Reduced risk of pertussis in whole-cell compared to acellular vaccine recipients is not confounded by age or receipt of booster-doses","volume":"33","author":"Sheridan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00051","article-title":"Whole-Cell or Acellular Pertussis Primary Immunizations in Infancy Determines Adolescent Cellular Immune Profiles","volume":"9","author":"van der Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.586984\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]],"date-time":"2020-10-16T06:14:42Z","timestamp":1602828882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.586984\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2020.586984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.586984","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,16]]},"article-number":"586984"}}