{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:32:03Z","timestamp":1791606723423,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type I interferon is widely used for antiviral therapy, yet has yielded disappointing results toward chronic HBV infection. Here we identify that PEG-IFN\u03b1-2b therapy toward persistent infection in humans is a double-edged sword of both immunostimulation and immunomodulation. Our studies of this randomised trial showed persistent PEG-IFN\u03b1-2b therapy induced large number of CD24<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD38<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup> B cells and launched a CD24<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD38<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup> B cells centered immunosuppressive response, including downregulating functions of T cells and NK cells. Patients with low induced CD24<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD38<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup> B cells have achieved an improved therapeutic effect. Specifically, using the anti-CD24 antibody to deplete CD24<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD38<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup> B cells without harming other B cell subsets suggest a promising strategy to improve the therapeutic effects. Our findings show that PEG-IFN\u03b1-2b therapy toward persistent infection constitutes an immunomodulation effect, and strategies to identifying the molecular basis for the antiviral versus immunomodulatory effects of PEG-IFN\u03b1-2b to selectively manipulate these opposing activities provide an opportunity to ameliorate anti-virus immunity and control viral infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.591269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T09:03:18Z","timestamp":1608714198000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Immunomodulation Induced During Interferon-\u03b1 Therapy Impairs the Anti-HBV Immune Response Through CD24+CD38hi B 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