{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T07:09:57Z","timestamp":1770707397681,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXC2167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC2167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pemphigus and pemphigoid diseases are autoimmune bullous diseases characterized and caused by autoantibodies targeting adhesion molecules in the skin and\/or mucous membranes. Personalized medicine is a new medical model that separates patients into different groups and aims to tailor medical decisions, practices, and interventions based on the individual patient`s predicted response or risk factors. An important milestone in personalized medicine in pemphigus and pemphigoid was achieved by verifying the autoimmune pathogenesis underlying these diseases, as well as by identifying and cloning several pemphigus\/pemphigoid autoantigens. The latter has become the basis of the current, molecular-based diagnosis that allows the differentiation of about a dozen pemphigus and pemphigoid entities. The importance of autoantigen-identification in pemphigus\/pemphigoid is further highlighted by the emergence of autoantigen-specific B cell depleting strategies. To achieve this goal, the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell technology, which is used for the treatment of certain hematological malignancies, was adopted, by generating chimeric autoantigen receptor (CAAR) T cells. In addition to these more basic science-driven milestones in personalized medicine in pemphigus and pemphigoid, careful clinical observation and epidemiology are again contributing to personalized medicine. The identification of clearly distinct clinical phenotypes in pemphigoid like the non-inflammatory and gliptin-associated bullous pemphigoid embodies a prominent instance of the latter. We here review these exciting developments in basic, translational, clinical, and epidemiological research in pemphigus and pemphigoid. Overall, we hereby aim to attract more researchers and clinicians to this highly interesting and dynamic field of research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.591971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T19:33:22Z","timestamp":1610480002000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Milestones in Personalized Medicine in Pemphigus and Pemphigoid"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Katja","family":"Bieber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khalaf","family":"Kridin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirin","family":"Emtenani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Boch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enno","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralf J.","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.03.003","article-title":"Pathomechanisms of Altered Wound Healing in Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa","volume":"187","author":"Cianfarani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61140-4","article-title":"Pemphigoid diseases","volume":"381","author":"Schmidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31778-7","article-title":"Pemphigus","volume":"394","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17026","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.26","article-title":"Pemphigus","volume":"3","author":"Kasperkiewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3052","article-title":"Unmet Needs in Pemphigoid Diseases: An International Survey Amongst Patients, Clinicians and Researchers","volume":"99","author":"Lamberts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18731","article-title":"Assessment of the healthcare costs for pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid patients in an academic center in Germany.[letter]","volume":"182","author":"St\u00e4nder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.11.005","article-title":"Recent Advances in Understanding Pemphigus and Bullous Pemphigoid","volume":"140","author":"Hammers","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.02.013","article-title":"Autoimmune bullous skin diseases, pemphigus and pemphigoid","volume":"145","author":"Egami","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736","article-title":"First-line rituximab combined with short-term prednisone versus prednisone alone for the treatment of pemphigus (Ritux 3): a prospective, multicentre, parallel-group, open-label randomised trial","volume":"389","author":"Joly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011592","article-title":"A comparison of oral and topical corticosteroids in patients with bullous pemphigoid","volume":"346","author":"Joly","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.01.028","article-title":"Meeting Report of the Pathogenesis of Pemphigus and Pemphigoid Meeting in Munich, September 2016","volume":"137","author":"Schmidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD002292","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002292.pub3","article-title":"Interventions for bullous pemphigoid","volume":"2010","author":"Kirtschig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-195302000-00001","article-title":"Pemphigus","volume":"32","author":"Lever","year":"1953","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B14","article-title":"Beytrag zur Kenntnis des Pemphigus","author":"Wichmann","year":"1791","journal-title":"Georg Adam Keyser"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"572","volume-title":"Acute Exantheme und Hautkrankheiten. 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