{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T21:58:40Z","timestamp":1781906320289,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81704164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81704164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is effective in reducing inflammation in various diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, colitis and acute kidney injury. The anti-inflammatory effect of vagus nerve in these diseases necessitates the interactions of neural activation and \u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (\u03b17nAChRs) on splenic macrophages. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of VNS on severity in experimental acute pancreatitis (AP).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two independent AP models were used, which induced in ICR mice with caerulein or pancreatic duct ligation (PDL). Thirty minutes after modeling, the left cervical carotid sheath containing the vagus nerve was electrically stimulated for 2 min. Plasma lipase and amylase activities, TNF-\u03b1 levels and pancreas histologic damage were evaluated. In caerulein mice, the percentages of \u03b17nAChR<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> macrophage in pancreas and spleen were assessed by flow cytometry. Furthermore, splenectomy and adoptive transfer of VNS-conditioned \u03b17nAChR splenocytes were performed in caerulein mice to evaluate the role of spleen in the protective effect of VNS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>VNS reduced plasma lipase and amylase activities, blunted the concentrations of TNF-\u03b1 and protected against pancreas histologic damage in two AP models. Survival rates were improved in the PDL model after VNS. In caerulein AP mice, VNS increased the percentages of \u03b17nAChR<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> macrophages in pancreas and spleen. Adoptive transfer of VNS-treated \u03b17nAChR splenocytes provided protection against pancreatitis in recipient mice. However, splenectomy did not abolish the protective effect of VNS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>VNS reduces disease severity and attenuates inflammation in AP mice. This effect is independent of spleen and is probably related to \u03b17nAChR on macrophage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.595957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T12:48:31Z","timestamp":1610628511000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Vagus Nerve Stimulation Decreases Pancreatitis Severity in 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