{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:42:40Z","timestamp":1790404960507,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ebola viruses are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the <jats:italic>Filoviridae<\/jats:italic> family and can cause Ebola virus disease (EVD), a serious haemorrhagic illness with up to 90% mortality. The disease was first detected in Zaire (currently the Democratic Republic of Congo) in 1976. Since its discovery, Ebola virus has caused sporadic outbreaks in Africa and was responsible for the largest 2013\u20132016 EVD epidemic in West Africa, which resulted in more than 28,600 cases and over 11,300 deaths. This epidemic strengthened international scientific efforts to contain the virus and develop therapeutics and vaccines. Immunology studies in animal models and survivors, as well as clinical trials have been crucial to understand Ebola virus pathogenesis and host immune responses, which has supported vaccine development. This review discusses the major findings that have emerged from animal models, studies in survivors and vaccine clinical trials and explains how these investigations have helped in the search for a correlate of protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.599568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T23:41:17Z","timestamp":1613864477000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Ebolavirus: Comparison of Survivor Immunology and Animal Models in the Search for a Correlate of Protection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Longet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Mellors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miles W.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Tipton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0147-3","article-title":"Ebola virus disease","volume":"6","author":"Jacob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0227-2","article-title":"The discovery of Bombali virus adds further support for bats as hosts of ebolaviruses","volume":"3","author":"Goldstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.18.9733-9737.2003","article-title":"Ebola virus pathogenesis: implications for vaccines and therapies","volume":"77","author":"Sullivan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.09.56","article-title":"Ebolavirus glycoprotein structure and mechanism of entry","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Future Virol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1712263115","article-title":"Ebola virus proteins NP, VP35, and VP24 are essential and sufficient to mediate nucleocapsid transport","volume":"115","author":"Takamatsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11110999","article-title":"The Roles of Ebola Virus Soluble Glycoprotein in Replication, Pathogenesis, and Countermeasure Development","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.06.029","article-title":"Distinct Genome Replication and Transcription Strategies within the Growing Filovirus Family","volume":"431","author":"Hume","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)92001-3","article-title":"Viral haemorrhagic fever in southern Sudan and northern Zaire. 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