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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In humans, killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), expressed on natural killer (NK) and thymus-derived (T) cells, and their ligands, primarily the classical class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expressed on nearly all cells, are both polymorphic. The variation of this receptor-ligand interaction, based on which alleles have been inherited, is known to play crucial roles in resistance to infectious disease, autoimmunity, and reproduction in humans. However, not all the variation in response is inherited, since KIR binding can be affected by a portion of the peptide bound to the class I molecules, with the particular peptide presented affecting the NK response. The extent to which the large multigene family of chicken immunoglobulin-like receptors (ChIRs) is involved in functions similar to KIRs is suspected but not proven. However, much is understood about the two MHC-I molecules encoded in the chicken MHC. The BF2 molecule is expressed at a high level and is thought to be the predominant ligand of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), while the BF1 molecule is expressed at a much lower level if at all and is thought to be primarily a ligand for NK cells. Recently, a hierarchy of BF2 alleles with a suite of correlated properties has been defined, from those expressed at a high level on the cell surface but with a narrow range of bound peptides to those expressed at a lower level on the cell surface but with a very wide repertoire of bound peptides. Interestingly, there is a similar hierarchy for human class I alleles, although the hierarchy is not as wide. It is a question whether KIRs and ChIRs recognize class I molecules with bound peptide in a similar way, and whether fastidious to promiscuous hierarchy of class I molecules affect both T and NK cell function. Such effects might be different from those predicted by the similarities of peptide-binding based on peptide motifs, as enshrined in the idea of supertypes. Since the size of peptide repertoire can be very different for alleles with similar peptide motifs from the same supertype, the relative importance of these two properties may be testable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.601089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T05:11:43Z","timestamp":1607922703000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["From Chickens to Humans: The Importance of Peptide Repertoires for MHC Class I Alleles"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jim","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-091212-153455","article-title":"Major histocompatibility complex genomics and human disease","volume":"14","author":"Trowsdale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-011520-102754","article-title":"HLAs, TCRs, and KIRs, a triumvirate of human cell-mediated immunity","volume":"89","author":"Djaoud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3279","article-title":"Why must T cells be cross-reactive","volume":"12","author":"Sewell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141107","article-title":"Positive and negative selection of T cells","volume":"21","author":"Starr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-075005","article-title":"Controlling natural killer cell responses: integration of signals for activation and inhibition","volume":"31","author":"Long","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3370","article-title":"Variable NK cell receptors and their MHC class I ligands in immunity, reproduction and human evolution","volume":"13","author":"Parham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2009.10.008","article-title":"Peptide binding to MHC class I and II proteins: new avenues from new methods","volume":"47","author":"Yaneva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-9-1","article-title":"HLA class I supertypes: a revised and updated classification","volume":"9","author":"Sidney","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.01.001","article-title":"Generalists and Specialists: A new view of how MHC class I molecules fight infectious pathogens","volume":"39","author":"Kaufman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032414-112334","article-title":"T cell antigen receptor recognition of antigen-presenting molecules","volume":"33","author":"Rossjohn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7863326","article-title":"Peptide specificity in the recognition of MHC class I by natural killer cell clones","volume":"267","author":"Malnati","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.04.059","article-title":"The intergenic recombinant HLA-B*46:01 has a distinctive peptidome that includes KIR2DL3 ligands","volume":"19","author":"Hilton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.4.1585","article-title":"Long EO. 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