{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T08:09:47Z","timestamp":1789632587139,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The catastrophic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently a public emergency. Adult-onset Still\u2019s disease (AOSD) is an autoinflammatory disease characterized by life-threatening complications. Systemic hyperinflammation and cytokine storm play a critical role in the pathogenesis of both COVID-19 and AOSD. We aimed to compare the similarities and differences focusing on ferritin and cytokine levels between severe COVID-19 and active AOSD. A literature search was performed using the databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science to collect the levels of cytokine including IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-\u03b1, IL-10, and ferritin in severe COVID-19 patients. After extracting available data of indicators of interest, we acquired these statistics with a single-arm meta-analysis. Furthermore, a comparison was conducted between 52 patients with active AOSD in our center and severe COVID-19 patients from databases. The levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were higher in severe COVID-19 compared with those in active AOSD. There were no significant differences on the cytokine of IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1. Fold changes of IL-18 were defined as the mean expression level ratio of severe COVID-19 to healthy controls in the COVID-19 study and active AOSD to healthy controls in our study, individually. Although the fold change of IL-18 in patients with AOSD was significantly higher than patients with severe COVID-19 (fold change: 594.00 vs 2.17), there was no statistical comparability. In addition, the level of ferritin was higher in active AOSD in comparison with severe COVID-19. Our findings suggest that severe COVID-19 and active AOSD have differences in cytokine panel and ferritin level, indicating the pathogenic role of ferritin in overwhelming inflammation. And it paves the way to make efficacy therapeutic strategy targeting the hyperinflammatory process in COVID-19 according to AOSD management, especially in severe COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.603389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T09:36:33Z","timestamp":1611135393000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Cytokine Storm in Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Adult-Onset Still\u2019s Disease: Similarities and Differences"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jianfen","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuning","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinchao","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialin","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honglei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junna","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobing","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huihui","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dehao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuochao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyan","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengde","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiongyi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05991-x","article-title":"Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China","volume":"46","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Medicine"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217618","article-title":"Severe COVID-19 and related hyperferritinaemia: more than an innocent bystander","volume":"79","author":"Ruscitti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01130","article-title":"Severe COVID-19, Another Piece in the Puzzle of the Hyperferritinemic Syndrome. An Immunomodulatory Perspective to Alleviate the Storm","volume":"11","author":"Ruscitti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B7","article-title":"Clinical features and current treatments of adult-onset Still\u2019s disease: a multicentre survey of 517 patients in China","volume":"37","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215239","article-title":"Both HLA class I and II regions identified as genome-wide significant susceptibility loci for adult-onset Still\u2019s disease in Chinese individuals","volume":"79","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1800-z","article-title":"Increased neutrophil extracellular traps activate NLRP3 and inflammatory macrophages in adult-onset Still\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-185","article-title":"The hyperferritinemic syndrome: macrophage activation syndrome, Still\u2019s disease, septic shock and catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Rosario","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0081-x","article-title":"Mechanisms, biomarkers and targets for adult-onset Still\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Feist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.100247","article-title":"Clinical manifestations but not cytokine profiles differentiate adult-onset Still\u2019s disease and sepsis","volume":"37","author":"Rau","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1555-6","article-title":"Interleukin-37 is increased in adult-onset Still\u2019s disease and associated with disease activity","volume":"20","author":"Chi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.06.009","article-title":"Comparative analysis of laboratory indexes of severe and non-severe patients infected with COVID-19","volume":"509","author":"Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-5-13","article-title":"Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample","volume":"5","author":"Hozo","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.041","article-title":"Clinical value of immune-inflammatory parameters to assess the severity of coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"95","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Diseases"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2000174","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 34 COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care unit in Hangzhou","volume":"21","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"China J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.047","article-title":"Risk-adapted Treatment Strategy For COVID-19 Patients","volume":"94","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Diseases"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2020.107666","article-title":"Clinical analysis of risk factors for severe COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes","volume-title":"J Diabetes its Complications","author":"Zhang","year":"2020"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104392","article-title":"Predictive factors for disease progression in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.07.002","article-title":"Correlation between cytokines and coagulation-related parameters in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 admitted to ICU","volume":"510","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinica Chimica Acta; Int J Clin Chem"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0235458","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235458","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 82 cases of death from COVID-19","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001343","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.04.012","article-title":"Suppressed T cell-mediated immunity in patients with COVID-19: A clinical retrospective study in Wuhan","volume":"81","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"China J Infect"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00362-20","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics and Immune Injury Mechanisms in 71 Patients with COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa272","article-title":"Clinical Features of 69 Cases With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa387","article-title":"The Definition and Risks of Cytokine Release Syndrome in 11 COVID-19-Affected Critically Ill Patients with Pneumonia: Analysis of Disease Characteristics","volume":"222","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/ep-2020-0108","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of 28 Patients with Diabetes and Covid-19 In Wuhan, China","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16659","article-title":"Relationships among lymphocyte subsets, cytokines, and the pulmonary inflammation index in coronavirus (COVID-19) infected patients","volume":"189","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.06.013","article-title":"Prompt Predicting of Early Clinical Deterioration of Moderate-to-Severe COVID-19 Patients: Usefulness of a Combined Score Using IL-6 in a Preliminary Study","volume":"8","author":"Vultaggio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol: In Pract"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(20)30309-0","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 disease severity in patients with cancer in Wuhan, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16533","article-title":"Risk Factors for Mortality in 244 Older Adults With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Retrospective Study","volume":"68","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Society"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17240-2","article-title":"Immunological and inflammatory profiles in mild and severe cases of COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26149","article-title":"Higher levels of IL-6 early after tocilizumab distinguish survivors from non-survivors in COVID-19 pneumonia: a possible indication for deeper targeting IL-6","volume":"92","author":"Quartuccio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102512","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and predictors of survival in adults with coronavirus disease 2019 receiving tocilizumab","volume-title":"J Autoimmun","author":"Morrison","year":"2020"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-05983-z","article-title":"Risk Factors for Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in New York City","volume":"30","author":"Mikami","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gen Internal Medicine"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2020.0062","article-title":"Correlation Between Relative Nasopharyngeal Virus RNA Load and Lymphocyte Count Disease Severity in Patients with COVID-19","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.138070","article-title":"Clinical and pathological investigation of patients with severe COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26174","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 in patients with pre-existing ILD: A retrospective study in a single center in Wuhan, China","volume":"92","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.05.008","article-title":"Elevated levels of IL-6 and CRP predict the need for mechanical ventilation in COVID-19","volume":"146","author":"Herold","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25770","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of clinical laboratory data determinations for patients with the severe COVID-19","volume":"92","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00299","article-title":"Leucocyte Subsets Effectively Predict the Clinical Outcome of Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Retrospective Case-Control Study","volume":"8","author":"Gan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2020.0271","article-title":"The Characteristics of 50 Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients With and Without ARDS","volume":"117","author":"Dreher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Deutsches Arzteblatt Int"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13371","article-title":"COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients: A multicenter experience in Istanbul","volume-title":"Transplant Infect Disease","author":"Demir","year":"2020"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23467","article-title":"Laboratory abnormalities and risk factors associated with in-hospital death in patients with severe COVID-19","volume-title":"J Clin Lab Anal","author":"Chen","year":"2020"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci137244","article-title":"Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/monaldi.2020.1410","article-title":"Predictors of Intensive Care Unit admission in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"90","author":"Carlino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Monaldi Arch chest Dis = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051514","article-title":"Intensive Care Risk Estimation in COVID-19 Pneumonia Based on Clinical and Imaging Parameters: Experiences from the Munich Cohort","volume":"9","author":"Burian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8925","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19","volume":"368","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40071","article-title":"Review: Cytokine Storm Syndrome: Looking Toward the Precision Medicine Era","volume":"69","author":"Behrens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B51","article-title":"A Randomized Trial of Convalescent Plasma in Covid-19 Severe Pneumonia","volume-title":"N Engl J Med","author":"Simonovich","year":"2020"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26308","article-title":"Tocilizumab for the treatment of adult patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a single-center cohort study","volume-title":"J Med Virol","author":"Fernandez-Ruiz","year":"2020"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102568","article-title":"Tocilizumab for the treatment of severe COVID-19 pneumonia with hyperinflammatory syndrome and acute respiratory failure: A single center study of 100 patients in Brescia, Italy","volume":"19","author":"Toniati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213920","article-title":"Tocilizumab in patients with adult-onset still\u2019s disease refractory to glucocorticoid treatment: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial","volume":"77","author":"Kaneko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.139834","article-title":"Longitudinal COVID-19 profiling associates IL-1RA and IL-10 with disease severity and RANTES with mild disease","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04642-x","article-title":"Elevated serum levels of interleukin-10 in adult-onset Still\u2019s disease are associated with disease activity","volume":"38","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200107)44:7<1716::AID-ART298>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Interleukin-18 as a novel diagnostic marker and indicator of disease severity in adult-onset Still\u2019s disease","volume":"44","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-212608","article-title":"Open-label, multicentre, dose-escalating phase II clinical trial on the safety and efficacy of tadekinig alfa (IL-18BP) in adult-onset Still\u2019s disease","volume":"77","author":"Gabay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.161354","article-title":"Elevated Expression of the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Its Correlation with Disease Activity in Adult-onset Still Disease","volume":"44","author":"Hsieh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137647","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: a storm is raging","volume":"130","author":"Pedersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.181192","article-title":"Characteristics of Circulating Natural Killer Cells and Their Interferon-gamma Production in Active Adult-onset Still Disease","volume":"46","author":"Shimojima","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2012.03.002","article-title":"Making sense of the cytokine storm: a conceptual framework for understanding, diagnosing, and treating hemophagocytic syndromes","volume":"59","author":"Canna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102473","article-title":"Characteristics and prognostic factors of disease severity in patients with COVID-19: The Beijing experience","volume-title":"J Autoimmun","author":"Sun","year":"2020"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30217-9","article-title":"Haematological characteristics and risk factors in the classification and prognosis evaluation of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102573","article-title":"COVID-19 gone bad: A new character in the spectrum of the hyperferritinemic syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Colafrancesco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69031-w","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory properties of H-ferritin on human macrophages, ex vivo and in vitro observations","volume":"10","author":"Ruscitti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22716","article-title":"Ferritin functions as a proinflammatory cytokine via iron-independent protein kinase C zeta\/nuclear factor kappaB-regulated signaling in rat hepatic stellate cells","volume":"49","author":"Ruddell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.01.004","article-title":"Increased level of H-ferritin and its imbalance with L-ferritin, in bone marrow and liver of patients with adult onset Still\u2019s disease, developing macrophage activation syndrome, correlate with the severity of the disease","volume":"14","author":"Ruscitti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-11-253815","article-title":"Serum ferritin is derived primarily from macrophages through a nonclassical secretory pathway","volume":"116","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8563-7","article-title":"sCD163 in AOSD: a biomarker for macrophage activation related to hyperferritinemia","volume":"60","author":"Colafrancesco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-218048","article-title":"Lung involvement in macrophage activation syndrome and severe COVID-19: results from a cross-sectional study to assess clinical, laboratory and artificial intelligence-radiological differences","volume":"79","author":"Ruscitti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew300","article-title":"Elevated serum levels of free interleukin-18 in adult-onset Still\u2019s disease","volume":"55","author":"Girard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.603389\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T09:01:43Z","timestamp":1670835703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.603389\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2020.603389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.603389","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"article-number":"603389"}}