{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T15:30:01Z","timestamp":1788881401037,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014810","name":"Fondazione di Sardegna","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014810","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 infection is a world-wide public health problem. Several aspects of its pathogenesis and the related clinical consequences still need elucidation. In Italy, Sardinia has had very low numbers of infections. Taking advantage of the low genetic polymorphism in the Sardinian population, we analyzed clinical, genetic and immunogenetic factors, with particular attention to HLA class I and II molecules, to evaluate their influence on susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the clinical outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method and Materials<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recruited 619 healthy Sardinian controls and 182 SARS-CoV-2 patients. Thirty-nine patients required hospital care and 143 were without symptoms, pauci-symptomatic or with mild disease. For all participants, we collected demographic and clinical data and analyzed the HLA allele and haplotype frequencies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Male sex and older age were more frequent in hospitalized patients, none of whom had been vaccinated during the previous seasonal flu vaccination campaignes. Compared to the group of asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic patients, hospitalized patients also had a higher frequency of autoimmune diseases and glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PDH) deficiency. None of these patients carried the beta-thalassemia trait, a relatively common finding in the Sardinian population. The extended haplotype HLA-A*02:05, B*58:01, C*07:01, DRB1*03:01 [OR 0.1 (95% CI 0\u20130.6), Pc = 0.015] was absent in all 182 patients, while the HLA-C*04:01 allele and the three-loci haplotype HLA-A*30:02, B*14:02, C*08:02 [OR 3.8 (95% CI 1.8\u20138.1), Pc = 0.025] were more frequently represented in patients than controls. In a comparison between in-patients and home care patients, the HLA-DRB1*08:01 allele was exclusively present in the hospitalized patients [OR &amp;gt; 2.5 (95% CI 2.7\u2013220.6), Pc = 0.024].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data emerging from our study suggest that the extended haplotype HLA-A*02:05, B*58:01, C*07:01, DRB1*03:01 has a protective effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Sardinian population. Genetic factors that resulted to have a negative influence on the disease course were presence of the HLA-DRB1*08:01 allele and G6PDH deficiency, but not the beta-thalassemic trait. Absence of influenza vaccination could be a predisposing factor for more severe disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.605688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T05:08:28Z","timestamp":1607058508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex and Other Immunogenetic and Clinical Factors Influence Susceptibility or Protection to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Severity of the Disease Course. The Sardinian Experience"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Littera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Campagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Deidda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goffredo","family":"Angioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selene","family":"Cipri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Melis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Firinu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simonetta","family":"Santus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Porcella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Rassu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosetta","family":"Scioscia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Meloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Schirru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Cordeddu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta Anna","family":"Kowalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Ragatzu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro Giovanni","family":"Carta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Del Giacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Restivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Deidda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Orr\u00f9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Palimodde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Perra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germano","family":"Orr\u00f9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinzia","family":"Balestrieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Onali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Marongiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Perra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luchino","family":"Chessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Virtual press conference on COVID-192020"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5.2000062","article-title":"Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, 20\u201328 January 2020","volume":"25","author":"Backer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges","volume":"55","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.037","article-title":"The pathogenesis and treatment of the `Cytokine Storm\u2019 in COVID-19","volume":"80","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14479","article-title":"Cardiac and arrhythmic complications in patients with COVID-19","volume":"31","author":"Kochi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13372","article-title":"Neurological manifestations in COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"26","author":"Baig","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000000319","article-title":"Gastrointestinal and liver manifestations in patients with COVID-19","volume":"83","author":"I-Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Chin Med Assoc"},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco2020"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-01221-y","article-title":"The race for coronavirus vaccines: a graphical guide. Eight ways in which scientists hope to provide immunity to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"580","author":"Callaway","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01208","article-title":"Coronavirus. Disease (COVID-19): What Are We Learning in a Country With High Mortality Rate","volume":"11","author":"Mutti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"Document from the Italian Civil Protection Agency. Protezione Civile2020"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4344","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Italy","volume":"323","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"Istituto Nazionale di Statistica ISTAT2020"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1097","article-title":"The novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China: challenges for global health governance","volume":"323","author":"Phelan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03244-3","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal viral load predicts hypoxemia and disease outcome in admitted COVID-19 patients","volume":"24","author":"Shlomai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2012.26","article-title":"Understanding the T cell immune response in SARS coronavirus infection","volume":"1","author":"Janice Oh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2020.03.001","article-title":"Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00217-w","article-title":"Age-related decline of de novo T cell responsiveness as a cause of COVID-19 severity","volume":"42","author":"Nicoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.03.005","article-title":"Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19","volume":"95","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.062","article-title":"A first Case of Meningitis\/Encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2","volume":"95","author":"Moriguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","article-title":"Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.06.017","article-title":"Cytokine Storms: Understanding COVID-19","volume":"53","author":"Mangalmurti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19061","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55503-1","article-title":"Immunity to Influenza is dependent on MHC II polymorphism: study with 2 HLA transgenic strains","volume":"9","author":"Luckey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-4-9","article-title":"Association of HLA class I with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Med Genet"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/421523","article-title":"Association of human-leukocyte-antigen class I (B*0703) and class II (DRB1*0301) genotypes with susceptibility and resistance to the development of severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"190","author":"Ng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2009.05.006","article-title":"Association of human leukocyte antigen class II alleles with severe acute respiratory syndrome in the Vietnamese population","volume":"70","author":"Keicho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.2.359-365.2006","article-title":"Epidemiological and Genetic Correlates of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in the Hospital with the Highest Nosocomial Infection Rate in Taiwan in 2003","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00510-20","article-title":"Human Leukocyte Antigen Susceptibility Map for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2","volume":"94","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s10038-020-0771-5","article-title":"Bioinformatic prediction of potential T cell epitopes for SARS-Cov-2","volume":"65","author":"Kazuma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hum Gen"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155205","article-title":"HLA-B*44 and C*01 Prevalence Correlates with Covid19 Spreading across Italy","volume":"21","author":"Correale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B35","unstructured":"Clinical Management of COVID-19"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1992.tb02041.x","article-title":"HLA structure of the Sardinian population: a haplotype study of 551 families","volume":"40","author":"Contu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0226615","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226615","article-title":"Entropy of human leukocyte antigen and killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor systems in immune-mediated disorders: A pilot study on multiple sclerosis","volume":"4","author":"Melis","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02991","article-title":"Design and Validation of a Multiplex KIR and HLA Class I Geno-typing Method Using Next Generation Sequencing","volume":"9","author":"Closa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B39","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2013"},{"key":"B40","unstructured":"MINISTERO DELLA SALUTE - ISS2020"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-04-077412","article-title":"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: a historical perspective","volume":"111","author":"Beutler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30238-2","article-title":"COVID-19 in people with diabetes: understanding the reasons for worse outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Apicella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.25756","article-title":"Coronaviruses and Immunosuppressed Patients: The Facts During the Third Epidemic","volume":"26","author":"D\u2019Antiga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.002","article-title":"Management of patients with autoimmune liver disease during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"73","author":"Lleo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S01406736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinic features of patients infected with 2019 novel corona- virus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5394","article-title":"Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy","volume":"323","author":"Grasselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775","article-title":"Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area","volume":"323","author":"Richardson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-018-0185-z","article-title":"The X chromosome and sex-specific effects in infectious disease susceptibility","volume":"13","author":"Schurz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Genomics"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03479","article-title":"X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females","volume":"434","author":"Carrel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042617-053149","article-title":"Genetics of Natural Killer Cells in Human Health,Disease, and Survival","volume":"26","author":"Parham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2008.06.003","article-title":"The Yin and Yang of HLA and KIR in human disease","volume":"20","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2020283","article-title":"Genomewide Association Study of Severe Covid-19 with Respiratory Failure","volume":"382","author":"Ellinghaus","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iji.12505","article-title":"A role for human leucocyte antigens in the susceptibility to SARS-Cov-2 infection observed in transplant patients","volume":"47","author":"Poulton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Immunogenet"},{"key":"B55","article-title":"Natural killer cell recognition of HLA class I molecules","volume":"2","author":"Brooks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Immunogenet"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000238408.82947.09","article-title":"HLA-dependent hypersensitivity to nevirapine in Sardinian HIV patients","volume":"20","author":"Littera","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0146086","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146086","article-title":"Exploring the Role of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors and Their HLA Class I Ligands in Autoimmune Hepatitis","volume":"11","author":"Littera","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909307106","article-title":"Mapping of multiple susceptibility variants within the MHC region for 7 immune-mediated diseases","volume":"106","author":"Rioux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E471","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030471","article-title":"The Association between Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccinations and SARS-Cov-2 Infection: Data from the EPICOVID19 Web-Based Survey","volume":"8","author":"Noale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108016","article-title":"Carbohydrate-Binding Protein from the Edible Lablab Beans Effectively Blocks the Infections of Influenza Viruses and SARS-CoV-2","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000231838","article-title":"HLA antigens and erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency in Sardinia","volume":"54","author":"Carcassi","year":"1977","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/528377","article-title":"Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency enhances human coronavirus 229E infection","volume":"197","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2020.1751388","article-title":"Is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme deficiency a factor in Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) infections and deaths","volume":"114","author":"Aydemir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109827","article-title":"COVID-19: beta-thalassemia subjects immunised","volume":"142","author":"Lansiaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110014","article-title":"Beta-thalassemia may protect against COVID 19","volume":"143","author":"Drouin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26434\/chemrxiv.11938173.v4","article-title":"COVID-19: attacks the 1-beta chain of hemoglobin and captures the porphyrin to inhibit human heme metabolism","author":"Wenzhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemRxiv"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.605688\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T05:08:34Z","timestamp":1607058514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.605688\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2020.605688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.605688","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]]},"article-number":"605688"}}