{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T09:51:39Z","timestamp":1778838699830,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radioprotective 105 (RP105) (also termed CD180) is an orphan and unconventional Toll-like receptor (TLR) that lacks an intracellular signaling domain. The agonistic anti-RP105 monoclonal antibody (mAb) can cross-link RP105 on B cells, resulting in the proliferation and activation of B cells. Anti-RP105 mAb also has a potent adjuvant effect, providing higher levels of antigen-specific antibodies compared to alum. However, adjuvanticity is required for the covalent link between anti-RP105 mAb and the antigen. This is a possible obstacle to immunization due to the link between anti-RP105 mAb and some antigens, especially multi-transmembrane proteins. We have previously succeeded in inducing rapid and potent recombinant mAbs in mice using antibody gene-based delivery. To simplify the covalent link between anti-RP105 mAb and antigens, we generated genetic constructs of recombinant anti-RP105 mAb (\u03b1RP105) bound to the transmembrane domain of the IgG-B cell receptor (TM) (\u03b1RP105-TM), which could enable the anti-RP105 mAb to link the antigen<jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>the cell membrane. We confirmed the expression of \u03b1RP105-TM and the antigen hemagglutinin, which is a membrane protein of the influenza virus, on the same cell. We also found that \u03b1RP105-TM could activate splenic B cells, including both mature and immature cells, depending on the cell surface RP105<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. To evaluate the adjuvanticity of \u03b1RP105-TM, we conducted DNA immunization in mice with the plasmids encoding \u03b1RP105-TM and hemagglutinin, followed by challenge with an infection of a lethal dose of an influenza virus. We then obtained partially but significantly hemagglutinin-specific antibodies and observed protective effects against a lethal dose of influenza virus infection. The current \u03b1RP105-TM might provide adjuvanticity for a vaccine<jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>a simple preparation of the expression plasmids encoding \u03b1RP105-TM and of that encoding the target antigen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.606518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T07:46:11Z","timestamp":1608623171000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Novel Gene Delivery Vector of Agonistic Anti-Radioprotective 105 Expressed on Cell Membranes Shows Adjuvant Effect for DNA Immunization Against Influenza"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mrityunjoy","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kouyu","family":"Kosugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Nagashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masanori","family":"Inui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susumu","family":"Tomono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidekazu","family":"Takagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isao","family":"Ichimonji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fumiaki","family":"Nagaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Ainai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Chiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sachiko","family":"Akashi-Takamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.227","article-title":"Next generation antibody drugs: pursuit of the \u2018high-hanging fruit\u2019","volume":"17","author":"Carter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discovery"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-1091-2","article-title":"Novel immune checkpoint targets: moving beyond PD-1 and CTLA-4","volume":"18","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3600","article-title":"Blood is a very unusual fluid","volume":"17","author":"Nunes-Alves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130188","article-title":"Targeting antigens to CD180 rapidly induces antigen-specific IgG, affinity maturation, and immunological memory","volume":"210","author":"Chaplin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20246152","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptor Mediated Activation of Natural Autoantibody Producing B Cell Subpopulations in an Autoimmune Disease Model","volume":"20","author":"Erd\u0151-Bony\u00e1r","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1901131","article-title":"Differential Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species on IgG versus IgM Levels in TLR-Stimulated B Cells","volume":"204","author":"Gilljam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/stke.442000re1","article-title":"The Interleukin-1 Receptor\/Toll-like Receptor Superfamily: Signal Transduction During Inflammation and Host Defense","volume":"2000","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science\u2019s STKE"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.7.3333","article-title":"RP105, a novel B cell surface molecule implicated in B cell activation, is a member of the leucine-rich repeat protein family","volume":"154","author":"Miyake","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.2VMR1215-582R","article-title":"The RP105\/MD-1 complex: molecular signaling mechanisms and pathophysiological implications","volume":"101","author":"Schultz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1198","article-title":"Negative regulation of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling by the Toll-like receptor homolog RP105","volume":"6","author":"Divanovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.3.1348","article-title":"Mouse MD-1, a molecule that is physically associated with RP105 and positively regulates its expression","volume":"161","author":"Miyake","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.v99.5.1699","article-title":"Requirement for MD-1 in cell surface expression of RP105\/CD180 and B-cell responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide","volume":"99","author":"Nagai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.11.7043","article-title":"The radioprotective 105\/MD-1 complex links TLR2 and TLR4\/MD-2 in antibody response to microbial membranes","volume":"174","author":"Nagai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.4.1217","article-title":"Murine B cell proliferation and protection from apoptosis with an antibody against a 105-kD molecule: unresponsiveness of X-linked immunodeficient B cells","volume":"180","author":"Miyake","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100198","article-title":"Anti-CD180 (RP105) activates B cells to rapidly produce polyclonal Ig via a T cell and MyD88-independent pathway","volume":"187","author":"Chaplin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-010-0073-2","article-title":"Bossios A. B Cells: From Early Development to Regulating Allergic Diseases","volume":"58","author":"Samitas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archivum Immunologiae Therapiae Experimentalis"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02289-w","article-title":"Transitional B cells involved in autoimmunity and their impact on neuroimmunological diseases","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006743","article-title":"Protection of mice deficient in mature B cells from West Nile virus infection by passive and active immunization","volume":"13","author":"Giordano","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900549","article-title":"Targeting Antigens to CD180 but Not CD40 Programs Immature and Mature B Cell Subsets to Become Efficient APCs","volume":"203","author":"Roe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-7012(01)00290-1","article-title":"Novel vaccine strategies to T-independent antigens","volume":"47","author":"Lesinski","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.07.011","article-title":"Immunogenicity of protein therapeutics","volume":"28","author":"De Groot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B22","article-title":"Chapter 5 - B Cell Development, Activation and Effector Functions","volume-title":"Primer to the Immune Response","author":"Mak","year":"2014"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.27","article-title":"DNA immunization as a technology platform for monoclonal antibody induction","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2011.11.007","article-title":"Enhancement of antibody responses to native G protein-coupled receptors using E. coli GroEL as a molecular adjuvant in DNA immunization","volume":"375","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2010.12.003","article-title":"Generation of a panel of monoclonal antibodies against atypical chemokine receptor CCX-CKR by DNA immunization","volume":"63","author":"Takatsuka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.5.8.8572","article-title":"Advances in DNA immunization against hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"5","author":"Alvarez-Lajonchere","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030424","article-title":"Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for Influenza: Passive Immunotherapy and Intranasal Vaccination","volume":"8","author":"Biswas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.64.40","article-title":"Passive immune-prophylaxis against influenza virus infection by the expression of neutralizing anti-hemagglutinin monoclonal antibodies from plasmids","volume":"64","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3300947","article-title":"Hydrodynamics-based transfection in animals by systemic administration of plasmid DNA","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.541","article-title":"Hydrodynamics-based procedure involves transient hyperpermeability in the hepatic cellular membrane: implication of a nonspecific process in efficient intracellular gene delivery","volume":"6","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Gene Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00047","article-title":"Neutralizing Antibodies Induced by Gene-Based Hydrodynamic Injection Have a Therapeutic Effect in Lethal Influenza Infection","volume":"9","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.11.135","article-title":"Influenza PR8 HA-specific Fab fragments produced by phage display methods","volume":"366","author":"Asanuma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1087","article-title":"Stable antibody expression at therapeutic levels using the 2A peptide","volume":"23","author":"Fang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/HAB-2006-15404","article-title":"Renewal of EBV-hybridoma method: efficient generation of recombinant fully human neutralizing IgG antibodies specific for tetanus toxin by use of tetroma cells","volume":"15","author":"Ainai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Antibodies"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxw031","article-title":"Inflammatory responses increase secretion of MD-1 protein","volume":"28","author":"Thomas Jennings","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(82)90091-6","article-title":"Growth of rat-mouse hybridomas in nude mice and nude rats","volume":"55","author":"Noeman","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(86)21038-1","article-title":"Growth of rat-mouse hybridomas in nude mice and nude rats","volume":"121","author":"Misra","year":"1986","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(87)90180-3","article-title":"Thomas PE. A simple, non-chromatographic purification procedure for monoclonal antibodies. Isolation of monoclonal antibodies against cytochrome P450 isozymes","volume":"100","author":"Reik","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0172791","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172791","article-title":"Expression of CD133 and CD44 in glioblastoma stem cells correlates with cell proliferation, phenotype stability and intra-tumor heterogeneity","volume":"12","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B40","article-title":"Chapter Ten - Characterization of conventional dendritic cell populations in preclinical tumor models using flow cytometry","volume-title":"Methods in Enzymology","author":"Wennerberg","year":"2020"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.006375","article-title":"Receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) from Vibrio cholerae modulates IgE activity and reduces the initiation of anaphylaxis","volume":"294","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.3.981","article-title":"Cross-protection against influenza virus infection afforded by trivalent inactivated vaccines inoculated intranasally with cholera toxin B subunit","volume":"149","author":"Tamura","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21694","article-title":"Zymosan enhances the mucosal adjuvant activity of poly(I:C) in a nasal influenza vaccine","volume":"82","author":"Ainai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01432-19","article-title":"N-Linked Glycans and K147 Residue on Hemagglutinin Synergize To Elicit Broadly Reactive H1N1 Influenza Virus Antibodies","volume":"94","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0264-410x(00)00149-3","article-title":"Cross-protection against a lethal influenza virus infection by DNA vaccine to neuraminidase","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.28434","article-title":"An IgM antibody targeting the receptor binding site of influenza B blocks viral infection with great breadth and potency","volume":"9","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxs040","article-title":"The RP105\/MD-1 complex is indispensable for TLR4\/MD-2-dependent proliferation and IgM-secreting plasma cell differentiation of marginal zone B cells","volume":"24","author":"Nagai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10660","article-title":"Antibody-based protection against HIV infection by vectored immunoprophylaxis","volume":"481","author":"Balazs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12616","article-title":"Protection against dengue disease by synthetic nucleic acid antibody prophylaxis\/immunotherapy","volume":"5","author":"Flingai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.04.016","article-title":"Genetic delivery of an anti-RSV antibody to protect against pulmonary infection with RSV","volume":"378","author":"Skaricic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0185967","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185967","article-title":"Evaluating the efficiency of CHEF and CMV promoter with IRES and Furin\/2A linker sequences for monoclonal antibody expression in CHO cells","volume":"12","author":"Ebadat","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63247","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063247","article-title":"Comparison of internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and Furin-2A (F2A) for monoclonal antibody expression level and quality in CHO cells","volume":"8","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20092210","article-title":"S1P1 receptor directs the release of immature B cells from bone marrow into blood","volume":"207","author":"Allende","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3301229","article-title":"Long-term expression of human alpha1-antitrypsin gene in mouse liver achieved by intravenous administration of plasmid DNA using a hydrodynamics-based procedure","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05583.x","article-title":"Loss of hepatic B cells following lipopolysaccharide injection and polymicrobial sepsis","volume":"24","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2006.03.004","article-title":"Elevated neutrophil, macrophage, and dendritic cell numbers characterize immune cell populations in mice chronically infected with Salmonella","volume":"41","author":"Johansson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00944.x","article-title":"Hibbs ML. B-cell stage and context-dependent requirements for survival signals from BAFF and the B-cell receptor","volume":"237","author":"Mackay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.16.4.683","article-title":"Immune deficiency enhances expression of recombinant human antibody in mice after nonviral in vivo gene transfer","volume":"16","author":"Kitaguchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(94)90072-8","article-title":"Direct gene transfer into muscle","volume":"12","author":"Danko","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6030035","article-title":"Neutralizing Anti-Hemagglutinin Monoclonal Antibodies Induced by Gene-Based Transfer Have Prophylactic and Therapeutic Effects on Influenza Virus Infection","volume":"6","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms1923.53.534","article-title":"Sialidase and protease activities of commercial (RDE) receptor destroying enzyme products used for the (HI) hemagglutination inhibition test of influenza viruses","volume":"53","author":"Nakayama","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nihon Ika Daigaku Zasshi"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2403","article-title":"DNA released from dying host cells mediates aluminum adjuvant activity","volume":"17","author":"Marichal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0753-3","article-title":"Engineered immunogen binding to alum adjuvant enhances humoral immunity","volume":"26","author":"Moyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3015","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.3015","article-title":"Gene therapy clinical trials worldwide to 2017: An update","volume":"20","author":"Ginn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gene Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-0972","article-title":"Intratumoral Delivery of Plasmid IL12 Via Electroporation Leads to Regression of Injected and Noninjected Tumors in Merkel Cell Carcinoma","volume":"26","author":"Bhatia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1154-7","article-title":"Cancer DNA vaccines: current preclinical and clinical developments and future perspectives","volume":"38","author":"Lopes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0903-815","article-title":"What is trogocytosis and what is its purpose","volume":"4","author":"Joly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2015.11.002","article-title":"Cross-dressing: an alternative mechanism for antigen presentation","volume":"168","author":"Campana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0305-7","article-title":"T cell antigen discovery via trogocytosis","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.3280","article-title":"Rituximab Infusion Promotes Rapid Complement Depletion and Acute CD20 Loss in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia","volume":"172","author":"Kennedy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.10.7435","article-title":"Thrice-Weekly Low-Dose Rituximab Decreases CD20 Loss via Shaving and Promotes Enhanced Targeting in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia","volume":"177","author":"Williams","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101189","article-title":"Loss of CD20 and Bound CD20 Antibody from Opsonized B Cells Occurs More Rapidly Because of Trogocytosis Mediated by Fc Receptor-Expressing Effector Cells Than Direct Internalization by the B Cells","volume":"187","author":"Beum","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.606518\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]],"date-time":"2023-10-15T22:21:34Z","timestamp":1697408494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.606518\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2020.606518"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.606518","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"article-number":"606518"}}