{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:39:44Z","timestamp":1782275984871,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81800178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81800178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) has made tremendous progress in the last few decades and is increasingly being used worldwide. The success of haploidentical HSCT has made it possible to have \u201ca donor for everyone\u201d. Patients who received transplantation in remission may have a favorable outcome, while those who were transplanted in advanced stages of disease have a poor prognosis. Although chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy is currently a milestone in the immunotherapy of relapsed or refractory (R\/R) B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and has demonstrated high remission rates in patients previously treated in multiple lines, the relatively high relapse rate remains a barrier to CAR-T cell therapy becoming an excellent cure option. Therefore, combining these two approaches (allo-HSCT and CAR-T cell therapy) is an attractive area of research to further improve the prognosis of R\/R B-ALL. In this review, we will discuss the current clinical practices of combining allo-HSCT with CAR-T cell therapy based on available data, including CAR-T cells as a bridge to allo-HSCT for R\/R B-ALL and CAR-T cell infusion for post-transplant relapse. We will further explore not only other possible ways to combine the two approaches, including CAR-T cell therapy to clear minimal residual disease peri-transplantation and incorporation of CAR technology to treat graft-<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>-host disease, but also the potential of CAR-T cells as a part of allo-HSCT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.611710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T17:25:25Z","timestamp":1610299525000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["How to Combine the Two Landmark Treatment Methods\u2014Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy Together to Cure High-Risk B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mingming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-04-571570","article-title":"T-cell-replete haploidentical HSCT with low-dose anti-T-lymphocyte globulin compared with matched sibling HSCT and unrelated HSCT","volume":"17","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2014.05.029","article-title":"Unmanipulated haploidentical transplants compared with other alternative donors and matched sibling grafts","volume":"20","author":"Raiola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Blood marrow Transplant J Am Soc Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2014.08.013","article-title":"Similar transplantation outcomes for acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome patients with haploidentical versus 10\/10 human leukocyte antigen-matched unrelated and related donors","volume":"20","author":"Di Stasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Blood marrow Transplant J Am Soc Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.44.3523","article-title":"T-cell-replete HLA-haploidentical hematopoietic transplantation for hematologic malignancies using post-transplantation cyclophosphamide results in outcomes equivalent to those of contemporaneous HLA-matched related and unrelated donor transplantation","volume":"31","author":"Bashey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-020-0826-4","article-title":"The EBMT activity survey on hematopoietic-cell transplantation and cellular therapy 2018: CAR-T\u2019s come into focus","volume":"55","author":"Passweg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-019-0465-9","article-title":"The EBMT activity survey report 2017: a focus on allogeneic HCT for nonmalignant indications and on the use of non-HCT cell therapies","volume":"54","author":"Passweg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2020.04.013","article-title":"Current Use of and Trends in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in the United States","volume":"26","author":"D\u2019Souza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Blood marrow Transplant J Am Soc Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2013.04.014","article-title":"Outcomes of adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapsing after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"19","author":"Poon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Blood marrow Transplant J Am Soc Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2011.351","article-title":"Outcomes and prognostic factors of adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. 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