{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:03:43Z","timestamp":1789704223801,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Agent\u00fara na Podporu V\u00fdskumu a V\u00fdvoja","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APVV-17-0178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-17-0178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006109","name":"Vedeck\u00e1 Grantov\u00e1 Agent\u00fara M\u0160VVa\u0160 SR a SAV","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VEGA 1\/0492\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0492\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dim light at night (dLAN) has become a pervasive part of the modern world, and growing evidence shows its association with increased health risks. Though this link is attributed to a disturbed circadian clock, the underlying mechanisms that can explain how circadian disruption from dLAN causes negative health effects remain unclear. Here, we exposed rats to a light\u2013dark cycle (12:12\u00a0h)\u00a0with low-intensity light at night (~2 lx) for 2 and 5 weeks and explored the steady-state pattern of circulating immune cells and renal immune-related markers, which are well controlled by the circadian clock. After 5 weeks, dLAN impaired the daily variation in several types of white blood cells, especially monocytes and T cells. Two-week dLAN caused a reduction in blood monocytes and altered gene expression of macrophage marker <jats:italic>Cd68<\/jats:italic> and monocyte-attracting chemokine <jats:italic>Ccl2<\/jats:italic> in the kidney. Interestingly, dLAN decreased renal 3-nitrotyrosine levels and resulted in up-regulation of the main endogenous antioxidant pathways, indicating a disturbance in the renal redox balance and an activation of compensatory mechanisms. These effects paralleled the altered renal expression of the molecular clock components and increased plasma corticosterone levels. Together, our results show that chronic exposure to dLAN weakened the circadian control of daily variation of circulating immune cells and disturbed renal immune and redox homeostasis. Consequences of this dLAN-disturbed immune balance on the ability of the immune system to cope with other challenges should by clarified in further studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.614960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T06:31:13Z","timestamp":1611297073000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Dim Light at Night Impairs Daily Variation of Circulating Immune Cells and Renal Immune Homeostasis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Monika","family":"Okuliarova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikoleta","family":"Mazgutova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miroslava","family":"Majzunova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina Sophia","family":"Rumanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Zeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.07.001","article-title":"Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells: many subtypes, diverse functions","volume":"34","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13281","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13281","article-title":"The importance of being rhythmic: Living in harmony with your body clocks","volume":"228","author":"Dibner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-018-0597-5","article-title":"The mammalian circadian system: a hierarchical multi-oscillator structure for generating circadian rhythm","volume":"68","author":"Honma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Physiol Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-203554","article-title":"Advances in understanding the peripheral circadian clocks","volume":"26","author":"Richards","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730415577723","article-title":"Circadian clocks in the immune system","volume":"30","author":"Labrecque","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythm"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1600377","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600377","article-title":"The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness","volume":"2","author":"Falchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.07.056","article-title":"Health consequences of electric lighting practices in the modern world: A report on the National Toxicology Program\u2019s workshop on shift work at night, artificial light at night, and circadian disruption","volume":"607","author":"Lunn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu117","article-title":"The relationship between obesity and exposure to light at night: cross-sectional analyses of over 100,000 women in the Breakthrough Generations Study","volume":"180","author":"McFadden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp1837","article-title":"Evaluating the association between artificial light-at-night exposure and breast and prostate cancer risk in Spain (MCC-Spain study)","volume":"126","author":"Garcia-Saenz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2014.900501","article-title":"Association between light exposure at night and nighttime blood pressure in the elderly independent of nocturnal urinary melatonin excretion","volume":"31","author":"Obayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2015.1108980","article-title":"Exposure to dim artificial light at night increases REM sleep and awakenings in humans","volume":"33","author":"Cho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140120","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0120","article-title":"Electric light, particularly at night, disrupts human circadian rhythmicity: is that a problem","volume":"370","author":"Stevens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.33069\/cim.2019.0016","article-title":"Light and life at night as circadian rhythm disruptors","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronobiol Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.116568","article-title":"Dim light at night attenuates circadian rhythms in the cardiovascular system and suppresses melatonin in rats","volume":"231","author":"Molcan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B15","article-title":"Dark-phase light contamination disrupts circadian rhythms in plasma measures of endocrine physiology and metabolism in rats","volume":"60","author":"Dauchy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35662","article-title":"Dim light at night disturbs the daily sleep-wake cycle in the rat","volume":"6","author":"Stenvers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730413493862","article-title":"Dim light at night disrupts molecular circadian rhythms and increases body weight","volume":"28","author":"Fonken","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythm"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102715","article-title":"Chronic shift-lag alters the circadian clock of NK cells and promotes lung cancer growth in rats","volume":"188","author":"Logan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0008-4","article-title":"Clocking in to immunity","volume":"18","author":"Scheiermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240636","article-title":"Circadian gene Bmal1 regulates diurnal oscillations of Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes","volume":"341","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.10.007","article-title":"Circadian expression of migratory factors establishes lineage-specific signatures that guide the homing of leukocyte subsets to tissues","volume":"49","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.01.002","article-title":"A neutrophil timer coordinates immune defense and vascular protection","volume":"50","author":"Adrover","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59541-y","article-title":"Chronic circadian misalignment accelerates immune senescence and abbreviates lifespan in mice","volume":"10","author":"Inokawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186919","article-title":"Dim light at night disturbs molecular pathways of lipid metabolism","volume":"21","author":"Okuliarova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2011.07.001","article-title":"Melatonin: Both master clock output and internal time-giver in the circadian clocks network","volume":"105","author":"Pevet","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Physiol Paris"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2016.1203332","article-title":"Endocrine and cardiovascular rhythms differentially adapt to chronic phase-delay shifts in rats","volume":"33","author":"Zeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142520","article-title":"A single 9-colour flow cytometric method to characterise major leukocyte populations in the rat: validation in a model of LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Barnett-Vanes","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20726","article-title":"Flow cytometric investigation of neutrophil oxidative burst and apoptosis in physiological and pathological situations","author":"Elbim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytometry Part A"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00084.2002","article-title":"Circadian rhythms in surface molecules of rat blood lymphocytes","volume":"284","author":"Pelegr\u00ed","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-02-258558","article-title":"Nomenclature of monocytes and dendritic cells in blood","volume":"116","author":"Ziegler-Heitbrock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2014.170","article-title":"Dendritic cells and macrophages in the kidney: a spectrum of good and evil","volume":"10","author":"Rogers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00269.2003","article-title":"Oxidative stress, renal infiltration of immune cells, and salt-sensitive hypertension: all for one and one for all","volume":"286","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Iturbe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.05.021","article-title":"Adrenergic nerves govern circadian leukocyte recruitment to tissues","volume":"37","author":"Scheiermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mnh.0000000000000186","article-title":"Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and the kidney","volume":"25","author":"Haller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00568","article-title":"Biochemistry of peroxynitrite and protein tyrosine nitration","volume":"118","author":"Ferrer-Sueta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301982","article-title":"A circadian clock gene, Rev-erb\u03b1, modulates the inflammatory function of macrophages through the negative regulation of Ccl2 expression","volume":"192","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.237081.113","article-title":"The circadian clock regulates rhythmic activation of the NRF2\/glutathione-mediated antioxidant defense pathway to modulate pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"28","author":"Pekovic-Vaughan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21571","article-title":"Glucocorticoid signaling synchronizes the liver circadian transcriptome","volume":"45","author":"Reddy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03143","article-title":"Control of leukocyte trafficking by stress-associated hormones","volume":"9","author":"Ince","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su11226400","article-title":"Light pollution, circadian photoreception, and melatonin in vertebrates","volume":"11","author":"Grubisic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0122-1","article-title":"Circadian clocks and insulin resistance","volume":"15","author":"Stenvers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06685","article-title":"Haematopoietic stem cell release is regulated by circadian oscillations","volume":"452","author":"M\u00e9ndez-Ferrer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.08.011","article-title":"Mice exposed to dim light at night exaggerate inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide","volume":"34","author":"Fonken","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2010.1108","article-title":"Chronic exposure to dim light at night suppresses immune responses in Siberian hamsters","volume":"7","author":"Bedrosian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1121","article-title":"Dim light at night exaggerates weight gain and inflammation associated with a high-fat diet in male mice","volume":"154","author":"Fonken","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.30.621","article-title":"Characterization of the molecular clock in mouse peritoneal macrophages","volume":"30","author":"Hayashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730405277232","article-title":"Differential control of Bmal1 circadian transcription by REV-ERB and ROR nuclear receptors","volume":"20","author":"Guillaumond","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythm"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2016.2323","article-title":"Reciprocal control of the circadian clock and cellular redox state - a aritical appraisal","volume":"39","author":"Putker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cells"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.01421-12","article-title":"Bmal1 and \u03b2-cell clock are required for adaptation to circadian disruption, and their loss of function leads to oxidative stress-induced \u03b2-cell failure in mice","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100113","article-title":"Antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine ameliorates symptoms of premature aging associated with the deficiency of the circadian protein BMAL1","volume":"1","author":"Kondratov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4615","article-title":"p53 orchestrates the PGC-1\u03b1-mediated antioxidant response upon mild redox and metabolic imbalance","volume":"18","author":"Aquilano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2007.03.004","article-title":"Nitric oxide stimulates heme oxygenase-1 gene transcription via the Nrf2\/ARE complex to promote vascular smooth muscle cell survival","volume":"75","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44384","article-title":"CCL2 nitration is a negative regulator of chemokine-mediated inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Barker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.12474","article-title":"Role of the Nrf2 signaling system in health and disease","volume":"86","author":"Hybertson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5116","article-title":"The crosstalk between Nrf2 and AMPK signal pathways is important for the anti-inflammatory effect of berberine in LPS-stimulated macrophages and endotoxin-shocked mice","volume":"20","author":"Mo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.04.006","article-title":"Punctum on two different transcription factors regulated by PGC-1\u03b1: Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 and nuclear respiratory factor 2","volume":"1830","author":"Baldelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11030","article-title":"Regulation of circadian behaviour and metabolism by synthetic REV-ERB agonists","volume":"485","author":"Solt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2019-0043","article-title":"Consequences of low-intensity light at night on cardiovascular and metabolic parameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"97","author":"Rumanova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.08.002","article-title":"Daily onset of light and darkness differentially controls hematopoietic stem cell differentiation and maintenance","volume":"23","author":"Golan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-265686","article-title":"Glucocorticoids entrain molecular clock components in human peripheral cells","volume":"29","author":"Cuesta","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201800026RR","article-title":"Circadian variation in pulmonary inflammatory responses is independent of rhythmic glucocorticoid signaling in airway epithelial cells","volume":"33","author":"Ince","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-210898","article-title":"Detrimental effects of constant light exposure and high-fat diet on circadian energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity","volume":"27","author":"Coomans","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.01.004","article-title":"Glucocorticoids drive diurnal oscillations in T cell distribution and responses by inducing interleukin-7 receptor and CXCR4","volume":"48","author":"Shimba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.614960\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T06:31:16Z","timestamp":1611297076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.614960\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2020.614960"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.614960","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"article-number":"614960"}}