{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T15:27:14Z","timestamp":1774452434045,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases, including vasculitis. Though neutrophils, and NETs, can break self-tolerance by being a source of autoantigens for autoantibodies in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, playing a key role in driving the autoimmune response, the role of neutrophils and NETs in large vessel vasculitis, including giant cell arteritis (GCA), is not well understood. In this review, we summarize the current insight into molecular mechanisms contributing to neutrophil-mediated pathology in small and medium vessel vasculitis, as well as provide potential translational perspectives on how neutrophils, and NETs, may partake in large vessel vasculitis, a rare disease entity of unclear pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.619705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T11:42:42Z","timestamp":1610019762000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Role of Neutrophils in Systemic Vasculitides"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Despina","family":"Michailidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Mustelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Lood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2921","article-title":"Neutrophils at work","volume":"15","author":"Nauseef","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020712-164023","article-title":"The Multifaceted Functions of Neutrophils","volume":"9","author":"Mayadas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rev Pathol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI84538","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps-the dark side of neutrophils","volume":"126","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13392","article-title":"Neutrophil proteases degrade autoepitopes of NET-associated proteins","volume":"199","author":"de Bont","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0261-x","article-title":"To NET or not to NET: current opinions and state of the science regarding the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"26","author":"Boeltz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701382","article-title":"Monosodium Urate Crystals Generate Nuclease-Resistant Extracellular Traps via a Distinct Molecular Pathway","volume":"200","author":"Chatfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2896380","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Microcrystals","volume":"2017","author":"Rada","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02824","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in Autoimmunity and Allergy: Immune Complexes at Work","volume":"10","author":"Granger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20161512","article-title":"TLR7\/8 activation in neutrophils impairs immune complex phagocytosis through shedding of Fc","volume":"214","author":"Lood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immuno J Exp Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2010.150","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap cell death requires both autophagy and superoxide generation","volume":"21","author":"Remijsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41062","article-title":"A neutrophil activation biomarker panel in prognosis and monitoring of patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"72","author":"Bach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.190875","article-title":"Role of Neutrophil extracellular traps regarding patients at risk of increased disease activity and cardiovascular comorbidity in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"47","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41078","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Tissue and Periphery in Juvenile Dermatomyositis","volume":"72","author":"Duvvuri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-014-0436-6","article-title":"The immunopathology of ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"36","author":"McKinney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04357.x","article-title":"Nomenclature and classification of vasculitis: lessons learned from granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis)","volume":"164","author":"Jennette","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.071936","article-title":"Outcomes from studies of antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody associated vasculitis: a systematic review by the European League against rheumatism systemic vasculitis task force","volume":"67","author":"Mukhtyar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.103","article-title":"Pathogenesis of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-mediated disease","volume":"10","author":"Jennette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37721","article-title":"Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss): clinical characteristics and long-term follow up of the 383 patients enrolled in the French Vasculitis Study Group cohort","volume":"65","author":"Comarmond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199711203372106","article-title":"Small-vessel vasculitis","volume":"337","author":"Jennette","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00680","article-title":"Pathogenetic and Clinical Aspects of Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibody-Associated Vasculitides","volume":"9","author":"Lamprecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.04.031","article-title":"ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: Core Curriculum 2020","volume":"75","author":"Geetha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2016.08.009","article-title":"Genetics and pathophysiology of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and its main autoantigen proteinase 3","volume":"30","author":"Relle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-016-0251-0","article-title":"Histone modification signature at myeloperoxidase and proteinase 3 in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00636","article-title":"The Presence of Anti-lactoferrin Antibodies in a Subgroup of Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Patients and Their Possible Contribution to Enhancement of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation","volume":"7","author":"Shida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B25","first-page":"27","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps formation in patients with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis: association with eosinophilic inflammation","volume":"103","author":"Natorska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2012.04615.x","article-title":"How anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies activate neutrophils","volume":"169","author":"Kettritz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.11.4115","article-title":"Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies induce neutrophils to degranulate and produce oxygen radicals in vitro","volume":"87","author":"Falk","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V83386","article-title":"Crosslinking of ANCA-antigens stimulates superoxide release by human neutrophils","volume":"8","author":"Kettritz","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1959","article-title":"Netting neutrophils in autoimmune small-vessel vasculitis","volume":"15","author":"Kessenbrock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2010.06.006","article-title":"Activated endothelial cells induce neutrophil extracellular traps and are susceptible to NETosis-mediated cell death","volume":"584","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9440(10)62952-5","article-title":"Aggravation of anti-myeloperoxidase antibody-induced glomerulonephritis by bacterial lipopolysaccharide: role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha","volume":"167","author":"Huugen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1990.tb03336.x","article-title":"Enhanced expression of the tumour necrosis factor\/cachectin gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic vasculitis","volume":"81","author":"Deguchi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008050497","article-title":"C5a receptor mediates neutrophil activation and ANCA-induced glomerulonephritis","volume":"20","author":"Schreiber","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R140","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3873","article-title":"C5a and its receptors in human anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis","volume":"14","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012020119","article-title":"Endothelium-neutrophil interactions in ANCA-associated diseases","volume":"23","author":"Halbwachs","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06518.x","article-title":"Activated neutrophils express proteinase 3 on their plasma membrane in vitro and in vivo","volume":"95","author":"Csernok","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.3.1271","article-title":"Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies engage and activate human neutrophils via Fc gamma RIIa","volume":"153","author":"Porges","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.313","article-title":"Circulating complement activation in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis","volume":"83","author":"Gou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013020143","article-title":"C5a receptor (CD88) blockaed protects against MPO-ANCA GN","volume":"25","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.201611179","article-title":"Randomized Trial of C5a Receptor Inhibitor Avacopan in ANCA-associated Vasculitis","volume":"28","author":"Jayne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00256","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis","volume":"7","author":"S\u00f6derberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-03-416156","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate transfer of cytoplasmic neutrophil antigens to myeloid dendritic cells toward ANCA induction and associated autoimmunity","volume":"120","author":"Sangaletti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e139388","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.139388","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate articular cartilage damage and enhance cartilage component immunogenicity in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"5","author":"Carmona-Rivera","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev217","article-title":"Increased levels of neutrophil extracellular trap remnants in the circulation of patients with small vessel vasculitis, but an inverse correlation to anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies during remission","volume":"54","author":"S\u00f6derberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013060606","article-title":"Enhanced formation and disordered regulation of NETs in myeloperoxidase-ANCA-associated microscopic polyangiitis","volume":"25","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.01.013","article-title":"Excessive neutrophil extracellular trap formation in ANCA-associated vasculitis is independent of ANCA","volume":"94","author":"Kraaij","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41047","article-title":"Intrinsically Distinct Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis Compared to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"71","author":"van Dam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102404","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps that are not degraded in systemic lupus erythematosus activate complement exacerbating the disease","volume":"188","author":"Leffler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.06.011","article-title":"An emerging role of neutrophils and NETosis in chronic inflammation and fibrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV): Implications for the pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"18","author":"Frangou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4027","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps enriched in oxidized mitochondrial DNA are interferogenic and contribute to lupus-like disease","volume":"22","author":"Lood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151876","article-title":"Oxidized mitochondrial nucleoids released by neutrophils drive type I interferon production in human lupus","volume":"213","author":"Caielli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01026","article-title":"Autoantibodies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Target Mitochondrial RNA","volume":"10","author":"Becker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01409982","article-title":"Autoantibodies and target antigens in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides","volume":"16","author":"Savige","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.2","article-title":"Leukocyte and serum S100A8\/S100A9 expression reflects disease activity in ANCA-associated vasculitis and glomerulonephritis","volume":"83","author":"Pepper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39814","article-title":"Association of Serum Calprotectin (S100A8\/A9) Level With Disease Relapse in Proteinase 3-Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis","volume":"69","author":"Pepper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39656","article-title":"Platelet-Derived S100A8\/A9 and Cardiovascular Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"68","author":"Lood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V11112036","article-title":"Glomerular Monocyte-Macrophage Features in ANCA-Positive Renal Vasculitis and Cryoglobulinemic Nephritis","volume":"11","author":"Rastaldi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400918","article-title":"Complexed plasma elastase as an in vivo marker for leukocyte activation in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis","volume":"40","author":"Haubitz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39153","article-title":"Neutrophil-related gene expression and low density granulocytes associated with disease activity and response to treatment in ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"67","author":"Grayson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02603","article-title":"Low Density Granulocytes in ANCA Vasculiits are Heterogenous and Hyporesponsive to Anti-Myeloperoxidase Antibodies","volume":"10","author":"Ui Mhaonaigh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.04.03","article-title":"ANCA autoantigen gene expression highlights neutrophil heterogeneity where expression in normal-density neutrophils correlates with ANCA-induced activation","volume":"98","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29333","DOI":"10.371\/journal.pone.0029333","article-title":"Constitutive neutrophil appoptosis: regulationa by cell concentration via S100 A8\/A9 and the MEK-ERK pathway","volume":"7","author":"Atallah","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216681551","article-title":"Calprotectin in rheumatic diseases","volume":"242","author":"Ometto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.46","article-title":"The role of defective clearance of apoptotic cells in systemic autoimmunity","volume":"6","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B65","first-page":"205","article-title":"High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) as a link between the granulomatous inflammation and the induction of autoreactivity in granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"129","author":"Kerstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0903-z","article-title":"High mobility group box 1 potentiates antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-inducing neutrophil extracellular traps formation","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.180771","article-title":"Demographic, Clinical, and Immunologic Correlates among a Cohort of 50 Cocaine Users Demonstrating Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies","volume":"46","author":"Morcos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.49.329","article-title":"Prevalence of serum anti-myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (MPO-ANCA) in patients with Graves\u2019 disease treated with propylthiouracil and thiamazole","volume":"49","author":"Wada","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314600","article-title":"The role of bacterial lipopolysaccharide-bound neutrophils in the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease","volume":"179","author":"Takeshita","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-12-44","article-title":"Mutations in CECR1 associated with a neutrophil signature in peripheral blood","volume":"12","author":"Belot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214335","article-title":"Critical role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in patients with Behcet\u2019s disease","volume":"78","author":"Le Joncour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew256","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps as a potential source of autoantigen in cocaine-associated autoimmunity","volume":"56","author":"Lood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.08.018","article-title":"Interleukin-17 family members and inflammation","volume":"21","author":"Kolls","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.55.6704","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis which developed after the administration of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor for cyclic neutropenia","volume":"55","author":"Umeda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.301374","article-title":"Investigational analysis reveals a potential role for neutrophils in giant cell arteritis disease progression","volume":"114","author":"Nadkarni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1996.tb08293.x","article-title":"Azurocidin is a novel antigen for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) in systemic vasculitis","volume":"103","author":"Zhao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00184","article-title":"Autoantibodies in systemic vasculitis","volume":"6","author":"Silva de Souza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300261","article-title":"IgA enhances NETosis and release of neutrophil extracellular traps by polymorphonuclear cells via Fcalpha receptor I","volume":"192","author":"Aleyd","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203430","article-title":"Tissue factor expression in neutrophil extracellular traps and neutrophil derived microparticles in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis may promote thromboinflammation and the thrombophilic state associated with the disease","volume":"73","author":"Kampas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R161","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4344","article-title":"The influence of cathelIcidin LL37 in human anti-neutrophils cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114547","article-title":"The adenosine\/neutrophil paradox resolved: human neutrophils possess both A1 and A2 receptors that promote chemotaxis and inhibit O2 generation, respectively","volume":"85","author":"Cronstein","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132559","article-title":"ATP release guides neutrophil chemotaxis via P2Y2 and A3 receptors","volume":"314","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2018892752","article-title":"Deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2 triggers adenosine-mediated NETosis and TNF production in patients with DADA2","volume":"134","author":"Carmona-Rivera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48111","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048111","article-title":"Cytokines induced neutrophil extracellular traps formation: Implication for the inflammatory disease condition","volume":"7","author":"Keshari","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-04-1200","article-title":"G-CSF as immune regulator in T cells expressing the G-CSF receptor: implications for transplantation and autoimmune diseases","volume":"102","author":"Franzke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.96","article-title":"Viable neutrophils release mitochondrial DNA to form neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"16","author":"Yousefi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000014","article-title":"Trojan horses: drug culprits associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) vasculitis","volume":"26","author":"Pendergraft","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32835b4449","article-title":"Rheumatic manifestations of cocaine use","volume":"25","author":"Graf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89780","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.89780","article-title":"A role for muscarinic receptors in neutrophil extracellular trap formation and levamisole-induced autoimmunity","volume":"2","author":"Carmona-Rivera","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Inisght"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15328","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015328","article-title":"A case report of dysregulated neutrophil extracellular traps in a patient with propylthiouracil-induced anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis","volume":"98","author":"Watanabe-Kusunoki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34619","article-title":"Abnormal conformation and impaired degradation of NETs induced by propylthiouracil: impliation of disordered NETs in MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis","volume":"64","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40372","article-title":"Drugs Implicated in Systemic Autoimmunity Modulate Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation","volume":"70","author":"Irizarry-Caro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37715","article-title":"Revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides","author":"Jennette","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"adv00281","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3363","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps are Present in Immune-complex-mediated Cutaneous Small Vessel Vasculitis and Correlate with the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and the Severity of Vessel Damage","volume":"100","author":"Bergqvist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.5BT0615-247R","article-title":"At the Bench: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) highlight novel aspects of innate immune system involvement in autoimmune diseases","volume":"99","author":"Grayson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916765","article-title":"Occupancy of adenosinereceptors on human neutrophils inhibits respiratory burst stimulated by ingestion ofcomplement-coated particles and occupancy of chemoattractant but not Fc receptors","volume":"13","author":"Kubersky","year":"1989","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-02-001016","article-title":"Endothelial catabolism of extracellular adenosine during hypoxia: the role of surface adenosine deaminase and CD26","volume":"108","author":"Eltzschig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1307361","article-title":"Early-onset stroke and vasculopathy associated with mutations in ADA2","volume":"370","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1307362","article-title":"Mutant adenosine deaminase 2 in a polyarteritis nodosa vasculopathy","volume":"370","author":"Navon Elkan","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.09.109","article-title":"Pathogenesis and management of Kawasaki disease","volume":"8","author":"Rowley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0710-3","article-title":"Enhanced formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in Kawasaki disease","volume":"87","author":"Yoshida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3181af70c1","article-title":"Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis: a spectrum within the same disease","volume":"88","author":"Maksimowicz-McKinnon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5095","article-title":"Intracranial and extracranial neurovascular manifestations of Takayasu arteritis","volume":"38","author":"Bond","year":"2017","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.98","article-title":"Visual loss and other cranial ischaemic complications in giant cell arteritis","volume":"13","author":"Soriano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216145","article-title":"Clinical symptoms and associated vascular imaging findings in Takayasu\u2019s arteritis compared to giant cell arteritis","volume":"79","author":"Michailidou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000331970005100705","article-title":"Accumulation of lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and granulocytes in the aortic wall affected by Takayasu\u2019s arteritis","volume":"51","author":"Inder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.08.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Takayasu\u2019s arteritis: a 2011 update","volume":"11","author":"Arnaud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1660","article-title":"Early recruitment of phagocytes contributes to the vascular inflammation of giant cell arteritis","volume":"204","author":"Foell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e014451","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014451","article-title":"Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio andneutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio associated with disease activity in patients with Takayasu\u2019s arteritis: a case-control study","volume":"7","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9182-2_61","article-title":"Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"336","author":"Cats","year":"1993","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/37.2.208","article-title":"Anticardiolipin antibodies in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: a study of 40 cases","volume":"37","author":"Manna","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.872903","article-title":"Th17 and Th1 T-cell responses in giant cell arteritis","volume":"121","author":"Deng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex507","article-title":"Secukinumab for the maintenance of glucorticoid-free remission in a patient with giant cell arteritis and psoriatic arthritis","volume":"57","author":"Rotar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e139163","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.139163","article-title":"ROS-producing immature neutrophils in giant cell arteritis are linked to vascular pathologies","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2013.06.004","article-title":"Interleukin-1 blockage in refractory giant cell arteritis","volume":"81","author":"Ly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-016-3253-6","article-title":"Isolated abdominal aortitis following administration of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)","volume":"35","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03009742.2017.1314005","article-title":"Drug-induced large vessel vasculitis with carotid arterial ring sign","volume":"47","author":"Fukui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12580","article-title":"Complement C5a-induced changes in neutrophil morphology during inflammation","volume":"86","author":"Denk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2015.1024110","article-title":"GM-CSF as a target in inflammatory\/autoimmune disease: current evidence and future therapeutic potential","volume":"11","author":"Hamilton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.67.788.503","article-title":"Immunopathology of Behcet\u2019s disease","volume":"788","author":"Powell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2000.00859.x","article-title":"Neutrophil and endothelial cell activation in the vasa vasorum in vasculo-Beh\u00e7et disease","volume":"36","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Histopathology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.619705\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T04:28:48Z","timestamp":1697516928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.619705\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"references-count":121,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2020.619705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.619705","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"article-number":"619705"}}