{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:49:39Z","timestamp":1777502979677,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>A hallmark for the development and progression of chronic liver diseases is the persistent dysregulation of signaling pathways related to inflammatory responses, which eventually promotes the development of hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The two major etiological agents associated with these complications in immunocompetent patients are hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), accounting for almost 1.4 million liver disease-associated deaths worldwide. Although both differ significantly from the point of their genomes and viral life cycles, they exert not only individual but also common strategies to divert innate antiviral defenses. Multiple virus-modulated pathways implicated in stress and inflammation illustrate how chronic viral hepatitis persistently tweaks host signaling processes with important consequences for liver pathogenesis. The following review aims to summarize the molecular events implicated in the sensing of viral nucleic acids, the mechanisms employed by HBV and HCV to counter these measures and how the dysregulation of these cellular pathways drives the development of chronic liver disease and the progression toward HCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.624034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T08:15:33Z","timestamp":1612512933000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Nucleic Acid-Induced Signaling in Chronic Viral Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Armando Andres","family":"Roca Suarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Testoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas F.","family":"Baumert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Lupberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02403","article-title":"A Review on Viral Metagenomics in Extreme Environments","volume":"10","author":"Davila-Ramos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2013.05.001","article-title":"Viral pathogen discovery","volume":"16","author":"Chiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evw193","article-title":"Inevitability of Genetic Parasites","volume":"8","author":"Iranzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.01.006","article-title":"The Evolution of Antiviral Defense Systems","volume":"19","author":"tenOever","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2015.01.004","article-title":"Interferons and viruses: an evolutionary arms race of molecular interactions","volume":"36","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0421-x","article-title":"and III interferon signalling during viral infection","volume":"4","author":"Mesev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2017.10.004","article-title":"Targeting Oncogenic Transcription Factors: Therapeutic Implications of Endogenous STAT Inhibitors","volume":"3","author":"Heppler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(63)92585-6","article-title":"Foreign nucleic acids as the stimulus to make interferon","volume":"2","author":"Isaacs","year":"1963","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/sqb.1989.054.01.003","article-title":"Approaching the asymptote? 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