{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T17:09:51Z","timestamp":1789924191057,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    16 (Lac16) and\n                    <jats:italic>Paenibacillus polymyx<\/jats:italic>\n                    a 10 (BSC10) against\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Cp) infection in broilers. A total of 720 one-day-old chicks were randomly divided into four groups. The control and Cp group were only fed a basal diet, while the two treatment groups received basal diets supplemented with Lac16 (1 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    cfu\u00b7kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and BSC10 (1 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    cfu\u00b7kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) for 21 days, respectively. On day 1 and days 14 to 20, birds except those in the control group were challenged with 1 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    cfu\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    type A strain once a day. The results showed that both Lac16 and BSC10 could ameliorate intestinal structure damage caused by\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection.\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection induced apoptosis by increasing the expression of Bax and\n                    <jats:italic>p53<\/jats:italic>\n                    and decreasing Bcl-2 expression and inflammation evidence by higher levels of\n                    <jats:italic>IFN-\u03b3, IL-6, IL-1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>iNOS<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>IL-10<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the ileum mucosa, and NO production in jejunal mucosa, which was reversed by Lac16 and BSC10 treatment except for\n                    <jats:italic>IL-1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>P &amp;lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.05). Besides, the two probiotics restored the intestinal microbiota imbalance induced by\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, characterized by the reduced\n                    <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the increased\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>\n                    at the phyla level and decreased\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroides fragilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Gallibacterium anatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    at the genus level. The two probiotics also reversed metabolic pathways of the microbiota in\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected broilers, including B-vitamin biosynthesis, peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate II pathway. In conclusion, Lac16 and BSC10 can effectively protect broilers against\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection through improved composition and metabolic pathways of the intestinal microbiota, intestinal structure, inflammation, and anti-apoptosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.628374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T09:14:15Z","timestamp":1613812455000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Protective Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum 16 and Paenibacillus polymyxa 10 Against Clostridium perfringens Infection in Broilers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baikui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanhao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huihua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weifen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.590967","article-title":"Necrotic 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