{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T01:10:21Z","timestamp":1777165821185,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since immune infiltration is closely associated with the progression and prognosis of atherosclerosis, we aimed to describe the abundance of 24 immune cell types within atherosclerotic tissues. In the current study, we used the Immune Cell Abundance Identifier (ImmuCellAI), a web-based tool, to estimate the abundance of 24 immune cells based on the microarray profiles of atherosclerotic carotid artery samples to analyze the proportions and the dysregulation of immune cell types within carotid atherosclerosis. We found that atherosclerotic immune cells had a diverse landscape dominated by T cells and myeloid cells and that macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) showed different abundance in normal and atherosclerotic tissues. Moreover, the expression of macrophages was closely related to the level of the expression of DCs and of exhausted T cells, while the expression of T-helper type 1 (Th1) cells was strongly correlated with the expression of T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells and effector memory cells. Our data confirm a distinct profile of atherosclerosis-infiltrating immune cell subpopulations, which may inspire an immunological direction for research on atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.599512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T05:14:12Z","timestamp":1616649252000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Profiles of Immune Cell Infiltration in Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis Based on Gene Expression Data"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Long","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beibei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingyue","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinyu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.12.980","article-title":"Overview of the immune response","volume":"125","author":"Chaplin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.125","article-title":"Human immune system variation","volume":"17","author":"Brodin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2703","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"14","author":"Gajewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000302","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: the interplay between lipids and immune cells","volume":"27","author":"Schaftenaar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.06.009","article-title":"Immune effector mechanisms implicated in atherosclerosis: from mice to humans","volume":"38","author":"Libby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306256","article-title":"Macrophage phenotype and function in different stages of atherosclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Tabas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.09.008","article-title":"Monocyte-Macrophages and T cells in atherosclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Tabas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0352-5","article-title":"T cell subsets and functions in atherosclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Saigusa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.301145","article-title":"B cells and humoral immunity in atherosclerosis","volume":"114","author":"Tsiantoulas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306542","article-title":"Macrophages and dendritic cells: partners in atherogenesis","volume":"118","author":"Cybulsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809798","article-title":"Low-Dose methotrexate for the prevention of atherosclerotic events","volume":"380","author":"Ridker","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914","article-title":"Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease","volume":"377","author":"Ridker","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3337","article-title":"Robust enumeration of cell subsets from tissue expression profiles","volume":"12","author":"Newman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Methods."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26476","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.26476.049","article-title":"Simultaneous enumeration of cancer and immune cell types from bulk tumor gene expression data","volume":"6","author":"Racle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-0307","article-title":"TIMER: a web server for comprehensive analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902880","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201902880","article-title":"ImmuCellAI: a unique method for comprehensive T-cell subsets abundance prediction and its application in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Miao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3940","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22292-y","article-title":"Identification of genomic differences among peripheral arterial beds in atherosclerotic and healthy arteries","volume":"8","author":"Steenman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316770","article-title":"Microanatomy of the human atherosclerotic plaque by single-cell transcriptomics","volume":"127","author":"Depuydt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0590-4","article-title":"Single-cell immune landscape of human atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"25","author":"Fernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw599","article-title":"Superficial erosion and the precision management of acute coronary syndromes: not one-size-fits-all","volume":"38","author":"Libby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.312513","article-title":"Atlas of the immune cell repertoire in mouse atherosclerosis defined by single-cell RNA-sequencing and mass cytometry","volume":"122","author":"Winkels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ATVBAHA120312137","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.312137","article-title":"Heterogeneity of T cells in atherosclerosis defined by single-cell RNA-sequencing and cytometry by time of flight","volume":"41","author":"Winkels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409015102","article-title":"T-bet deficiency reduces atherosclerosis and alters plaque antigen-specific immune responses","volume":"102","author":"Buono","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvv110","article-title":"IL-9 aggravates the development of atherosclerosis in ApoE-\/- mice","volume":"106","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0265-3","article-title":"Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of macrophages in atherosclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2011.07.001","article-title":"How dendritic cells shape atherosclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Koltsova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.083","article-title":"Targeting the immune system in atherosclerosis: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"73","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.302761","article-title":"Adaptive (T and B cells) immunity and control by dendritic cells in atherosclerosis","volume":"114","author":"Ait-Oufella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.223875","article-title":"Oxidation-specific epitopes are danger-associated molecular patterns recognized by pattern recognition receptors of innate immunity","volume":"108","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1089\/10799900260100141","article-title":"IFN-gamma deficiency exerts gender-specific effects on atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-\/- mice","volume":"22","author":"Whitman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.924886","article-title":"Blockade of interleukin-17A results in reduced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"121","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090545","article-title":"Loss of SOCS3 expression in T cells reveals a regulatory role for interleukin-17 in atherosclerosis","volume":"206","author":"Taleb","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.06.008","article-title":"Myeloid type I interferon signaling promotes atherosclerosis by stimulating macrophage recruitment to lesions","volume":"12","author":"Goossens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2001","article-title":"The immune system in atherosclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Hansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.599512\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T05:14:21Z","timestamp":1616649261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.599512\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2021.599512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.599512","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"article-number":"599512"}}