{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T14:47:14Z","timestamp":1793371634717,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Echinococcosis, mainly caused by <jats:italic>Echinococcus granulosus<\/jats:italic>, is one of the 17 neglected tropical diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an essential role in the host\u2013parasite interplay. However, the EVs in the hydatid fluid (HF) of <jats:italic>E. granulosus<\/jats:italic> are not fully characterized. Herein, three different types of HF EVs, designated as 2 K, 10 K, and 110 K EVs based on the centrifugal force used, were morphologically identified. A total of 97, 80, and 581 proteins were identified in 2 K, 10 K, and 110 K EVs, respectively, 39 of which were commonly shared. Moreover, 11, 8, and 25 miRNAs were detected, respectively, and all of the 7 selected miRNAs were validated by qPCR to be significantly lower abundant than that in protoscoleces. It was further deemed that 110 K EVs were internalized by sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in a time-dependent manner and thus induced interleukin (IL)-10, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), and IRF5 were significantly upregulated and IL-1\u03b2, IL-17, and CD14 were significantly downregulated (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). These data demonstrate the physical discrepancy of three HF EVs and an immunomodulatory effect of 110 K EVs on sheep PMBCs, suggesting a role in immune responses during <jats:italic>E. granulosus<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.602717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T04:16:43Z","timestamp":1614053803000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Identification of Different Extracellular Vesicles in the Hydatid Fluid of Echinococcus granulosus and Immunomodulatory Effects of 110 K EVs on Sheep 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