{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T15:46:57Z","timestamp":1785167217443,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1C1C1004605, NRF-2019R1I1A3A01060016, NRF-2019M3E5D1A02067953, NRF-2017R1A2B4007994, NRF-2019R1A2C2004214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1C1C1004605, NRF-2019R1I1A3A01060016, NRF-2019M3E5D1A02067953, NRF-2017R1A2B4007994, NRF-2019R1A2C2004214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Helminth infections and their components have been shown to have the potential to modulate and attenuate immune responses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential protective effects of\n                    <jats:italic>Clonorchis sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    -derived protein (CSp) on ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Cytotoxicity of CSp at different doses was assessed by MTS and flow cytometry before performing experiments. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMCs) were obtained from AS patients. Inflammatory cytokine-producing cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. The levels of INF-\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    , IL-17A, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). SKG mice were treated with CSp or vehicles. Inflammation and new bone formation were evaluated using immunohistochemistry, positron emission tomography (PET), and\u00a0micro-computed tomography (CT). Treatment with CSp resulted in no reduced cell viability of PBMCs or SFMCs until 24\u00a0h. In experiments culturing PBMCs and SFMCs, the frequencies of IFN-\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    and IL-17A producing cells were significantly reduced after CSp treatment. In the SKG mouse model, CSp treatment significantly suppressed arthritis, enthesitis, and enteritis. Micro-CT analysis of hind paw revealed reduced new bone formation in CSp-treated mice than in vehicle-treated mice. We provide the first evidence demonstrating that CSp can ameliorate clinical signs and cytokine derangements in AS. In addition, such CSp treatment could reduce the new bone formation of AS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.615369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T03:31:45Z","timestamp":1614223905000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Clonorchis sinensis-Derived Protein Attenuates Inflammation and New Bone Formation in Ankylosing Spondylitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yu Jeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moon-Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungsin","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So-Hee","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pu-Reum","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kijeong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho-Chun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jahae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Cheol","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Jong","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyundeok","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Jong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Jeong","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0627-0","article-title":"The prevalence of clinically diagnosed ankylosing spondylitis and its clinical manifestations: a nationwide register study","volume":"17","author":"Exarchou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2009.11.015","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of ankylosing spondylitis in Korea","volume":"77","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4078\/jrd.2020.27.1.22","article-title":"Assessments of functioning in patients with axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"27","author":"Kiltz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.140416","article-title":"Male sexual dysfunction and ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"42","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket387","article-title":"Global prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"53","author":"Dean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-019-0086-3","article-title":"Trends in diagnostic prevalence and treatment patterns of male and female ankylosing spondylitis patients in the United States, 2006-2016","volume":"3","author":"Walsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Rheumatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/rr48","article-title":"The coming-of-age of the hygiene hypothesis","volume":"2","author":"Martinez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.56","article-title":"Pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis - 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