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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoantibody-triggered neuro-inflammatory disease which preferentially attacks the spinal cord and optic nerve. Its defining autoantibody is specific for the water channel protein, aquaporin\u20104 (AQP4), which primarily is localized at the end-feet of astrocytes. Histopathology studies of early NMO lesions demonstrated prominent activation of microglia, the resident immune sentinels of the central nervous system (CNS). Significant microglial reactivity is also observed in NMO animal models induced by introducing AQP4-IgG into the CNS. Here we review the potential roles for microglial activation in human NMO patients as well as different animal models of NMO. We will focus primarily on the molecular mechanisms underlying microglial function and microglia-astrocyte interaction in NMO pathogenesis. Understanding the role of microglia in NMO pathology may yield novel therapeutic approaches for this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.616301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T23:43:46Z","timestamp":1613864626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The Emerging Role of Microglia in Neuromyelitis Optica"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tingjun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale B.","family":"Bosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanlu","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dai-Shi","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long-Jun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.72","article-title":"AQP4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica: diagnostic and pathogenetic relevance","volume":"6","author":"Jarius","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e110","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000110","article-title":"Aquaporin-4 autoimmunity","volume":"2","author":"Zekeridou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900866","article-title":"Eculizumab in Aquaporin-4-Positive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder","volume":"381","author":"Pittock","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17551-X","article-title":"A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica: distinction from multiple sclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Lennon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21802","article-title":"Intrathecal pathogenic anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in early neuromyelitis optica","volume":"66","author":"Bennett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02561.x","article-title":"Relevance of clinical findings for diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica in MRI and NMO-IgG era","volume":"16","author":"Bergamaschi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000256822.01222.bd","article-title":"NMO-IgG in the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica","volume":"68","author":"Jarius","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000303817.82134.da","article-title":"NMO-IgG predicts the outcome of recurrent optic neuritis","volume":"70","author":"Matiello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000345066.57745.50","article-title":"NMO-IgG detected in CSF in seronegative neuromyelitis optica","volume":"72","author":"Klawiter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20770","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica IgG predicts relapse after longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis","volume":"59","author":"Weinshenker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0718-0","article-title":"MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. 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