{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:45:06Z","timestamp":1791935106286,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001215","name":"La Trobe University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001215","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001030","name":"National Heart Foundation of Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Platelets are clearly central to thrombosis and hemostasis. In addition, more recently, evidence has emerged for non-hemostatic roles of platelets including inflammatory and immune reactions\/responses. Platelets express immunologically relevant ligands and receptors, demonstrate adhesive interactions with endothelial cells, monocytes and neutrophils, and toll-like receptor (TLR) mediated responses. These properties make platelets central to innate and adaptive immunity and potential candidate key mediators of autoimmune disorders. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) disease. An association between platelets and MS was first indicated by the increased adhesion of platelets to endothelial cells. This was followed by reports identifying structural and functional changes of platelets, their chronic activation in the peripheral blood of MS patients, platelet presence in MS lesions and the more recent revelation that these structural and functional abnormalities are associated with all MS forms and stages. Investigations based on the murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) MS model first revealed a contribution to EAE pathogenesis by exacerbation of CNS inflammation and an early role for platelets in EAE development via platelet-neuron and platelet-astrocyte associations, through sialated gangliosides in lipid rafts. Our own studies refined and extended these findings by identifying the critical timing of platelet accumulation in pre-clinical EAE and establishing an initiating and central rather than merely exacerbating role for platelets in disease development. Furthermore, we demonstrated platelet-neuron associations in EAE, coincident with behavioral changes, but preceding the earliest detectable autoreactive T cell accumulation. In combination, these findings establish a new paradigm by asserting that platelets play a neurodegenerative as well as a neuroinflammatory role in MS and therefore, that these two pathological processes are causally linked. This review will discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of MS, for future applications for imaging toward early detection of MS, and for novel strategies for platelet-targeted treatment of MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.620963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T17:39:56Z","timestamp":1613842796000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Platelets in Multiple Sclerosis: Early and Central Mediators of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration and Attractive Targets for Molecular Imaging and Site-Directed Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline M.","family":"Orian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claretta S.","family":"D'Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pece","family":"Kocovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Krippner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Hale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karlheinz","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61620-7","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"372","author":"Compston","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3116","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03116","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanisms associated with different clinical courses of multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Lassmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52001-2.00010-8","article-title":"The epidemiology of multiple sclerosis: insights to disease pathogenesis","volume":"122","author":"Goodin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hand Clin Neurol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000622","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: clinical aspects","volume":"31","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(99)00193-9","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"100","author":"Bar-Or","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094313","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: an immune or neurodegenerative disorder?","volume":"31","author":"Trapp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519886943","article-title":"The temporal and causal relationship between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Milo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult Scler J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12841","article-title":"Pathological differences between white and grey matter multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"1351","author":"Prins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3275","article-title":"Will the real multiple sclerosis please stand up?","volume":"13","author":"Stys","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl083","article-title":"The value of animal models for drug development in multiple sclerosis","volume":"129","author":"Friese","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3900","article-title":"Exploring the origins of grey matter damage in multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Calabrese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1631-4","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: experimental models and reality","volume":"133","author":"Lassmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2190","article-title":"The origin and application of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"7","author":"Baxter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2010.06.005","article-title":"Animal models of multiple sclerosis\u2014potentials and limitations","volume":"92","author":"Mix","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2011.09.002","article-title":"Experimental in vivo and in vitro models of multiple sclerosis: EAE and beyond","volume":"1","author":"Kipp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult Scler Rel Disord."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70071-5","article-title":"Clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis, part I: natural history, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis","volume":"4","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-016-0688-8","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria, classification and treatment goals in multiple sclerosis: the chronicles of time and space","volume":"16","author":"Ntranos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cur Neurol Neurosci Rep."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000367614","article-title":"New multiple sclerosis phenotypic classification","volume":"72","author":"Lublin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Neurol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31320-4","article-title":"Progressive multiple sclerosis: prospects for disease therapy, repair, and restoration of function","volume":"389","author":"Ontaneda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.158","article-title":"Pediatric multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Yeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003653","article-title":"Serum neurofilament is associated with progression of brain atrophy and disability in early MS","volume":"88","author":"Kuhle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.021","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: mechanisms and immunotherapy","volume":"97","author":"Baecher-Allan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"57","article-title":"MS: is it one disease?","volume":"16","author":"Barnett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int MS J."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra052130","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis\u2014the plaque and its pathogenesis","volume":"354","author":"Frohman","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200006)47:6<707::AID-ANA3>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination","volume":"47","author":"Lucchinetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-307712","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis deep grey matter: the relation between demyelination, neurodegeneration, inflammation and iron","volume":"85","author":"Haider","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181a19a5a","article-title":"Demyelination, inflammation, and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis deep gray matter","volume":"68","author":"Vercellino","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/60.12.1208","article-title":"Hypothalamic lesions in multiple sclerosis","volume":"60","author":"Huitinga","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neuropath Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508096876","article-title":"Spinal cord grey matter lesions in multiple sclerosis detected by post-mortem high field MR imaging","volume":"15","author":"Gilmore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult Scler."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10766","article-title":"Impaired hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and more severe multiple sclerosis with hypothalamic lesions","volume":"55","author":"Huitinga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1123","article-title":"Transected neurites, apoptotic neurons, and reduced inflammation in cortical multiple sclerosis lesion","volume":"50","author":"Peterson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2006.00041.x","article-title":"Widespread demyelination in the cerebellar cortex in multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Kutzelnigg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1100648","article-title":"Inflammatory cortical demyelination in early multiple sclerosis","volume":"365","author":"Lucchinett","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(00)00409-4","article-title":"B cells and antibodies in CNS demyelinating disease","volume":"112","author":"Cross","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww258","article-title":"Progressive multiple sclerosis: from pathogenic mechanisms to treatment","volume":"140","author":"Correale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2011.616558","article-title":"Unique B cell responses in B cell-dependent and B cell-independent EAE","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmunity."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0135-x","article-title":"Reassessing B cell contributions in multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Immunol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1517-1","article-title":"Impact of B cells to the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Arneth","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroinflam."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq350","article-title":"Related B cell clones populate the meninges and parenchyma of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"134","author":"Lovato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2014.11.006","article-title":"Platelets are not just for clots","volume":"29","author":"McFayden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfusion Med Rev."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2016.1200008","article-title":"Platelets are versatile cells: New discoveries in hemostasis, thrombosis, immune responses, tumor metastasis and beyond","volume":"53","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.07.003","article-title":"Platelets: signaling cells in the immune continuum","volume":"25","author":"Weyrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.12084","article-title":"Platelets: bridging hemostasis, inflammation, and immunity","volume":"35","author":"Jenne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Lab Hem."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2683(20000701)21:13<2622::AID-ELPS2622>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Identification of platelet proteins separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and analyzed by matrix assisted laser desorption\/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry and detection of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins","volume":"21","author":"Marcus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Electrophoresis."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/1615-9861(200203)2:3<288::AID-PROT288>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Towards complete analysis of the platelet proteome","volume":"2","author":"O'Neill","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proteomics."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1538-7836.2003.00304.x","article-title":"The evolving role of platelets in inflammation","volume":"1","author":"Weyrich","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Thromb Homeost."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M300063-MCP200","article-title":"Integration of proteomics and genomics in platelets: a profile of platelet proteins and platelet-specific genes","volume":"3","author":"McRedmond","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-7-10","article-title":"Role of platelets in neuroinflammation: a wideangle perspective","volume":"7","author":"Horstman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00083","article-title":"The inflammatory role of platelets via their TLRs and siglec receptors","volume":"6","author":"Cognasse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.21307\/ane-2017-026","article-title":"The physiology of blood platelets and changes of their biological activities in multiple sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Wachowicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol Exp."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1570081","article-title":"Inflammatory contribution of platelets revisited: new players in the arena of inflammation","volume":"42","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemost."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(98)00246-X","article-title":"Platelet activating factor is elevated in cerebral spinal fluid and plasma of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"94","author":"Callea","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050660","article-title":"Dual phase regulation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by platelet-activating factor","volume":"202","author":"Kihara","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020110","article-title":"Pro-thrombotic activity of blood platelets in multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Saluk-Bijak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1126\/science.80.2074.295","article-title":"The biological significance of the lesions of multiple sclerosis","volume":"80","author":"Putman","year":"1934","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1937.02260180078006","article-title":"Evidence of vascular occlusion in multiple sclerosis and encephalomyelitis","volume":"37","author":"Putman","year":"1937","journal-title":"Arch Neuro Psychiat."},{"key":"B57","first-page":"462","article-title":"Platelet adhesive index studies in multiple sclerosis and other neurologic disorders","volume":"28","author":"Nathanson","year":"1952","journal-title":"Bull N Y Acad Med."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)90069-3","article-title":"Platelet adhesiveness in multiple sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Wright","year":"1965","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.31.4.321","article-title":"Further studies in platelet adhesiveness and serum cholesteryl linoleate levels in multiple sclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Sanders","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.33.4.506","article-title":"Fatty acid composition of phospholipids from platelets and erythrocytes in multiple sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Gul","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)42654-9","article-title":"Lipid composition of subcellular particles of human blood platelets","volume":"10","author":"Marcus","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Lipid Res."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddtec.2015.03.002","article-title":"Lipidomics in drug development","volume":"13","author":"Dehairs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2012.07934.x","article-title":"Lipidome analysis in multiple sclerosis reveals protein lipoxidative damage as a potential pathogenic mechanism","volume":"123","author":"Gonzalo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-27","article-title":"Evidence of platelet activation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Sheremata","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-7-36","article-title":"Clinical and neuroimaging correlates of antiphospholipid antibodies in multiple sclerosis: a preliminary study","volume":"7","author":"Bidot","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01175","article-title":"A perspective of coagulation dysfunction in multiple sclerosis and in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis","volume":"9","author":"Plantone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00107","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies overlapping in isolated neurological syndrome and multiple sclerosis: neurobiological insights and diagnostic challenges","volume":"13","author":"D'Angelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5258-4","article-title":"Activities of the enzymes that hydrolyze adenine nucleotides in platelets from multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"257","author":"Spanevello","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.06.019","article-title":"Plasma levels of soluble adhesion molecules sPECAM-1, sP-selectin and sE-selectin are associated with relapsing-remitting disease course of multiple sclerosis","volume":"167","author":"Kuenz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1987.tb03550.x","article-title":"Relevance of platelet factor four (PF4) plasma levels in multiple sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Cananzi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-15-110","article-title":"Microparticles in multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome: effect on endothelial barrier function","volume":"15","author":"Marcos-Ramiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm.14.9","article-title":"Circulating microparticles reflect treatment effects and clinical status in multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"S\u00e1enz-Cuesta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomark Med."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00100","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in multiple sclerosis: what are they telling us?","volume":"8","author":"S\u00e1enz-Cuesta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.0166","article-title":"Platelet microparticles: a carrier of platelet-activating factor","volume":"218","author":"Iwamoto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1159\/000023944","article-title":"Platelets exit venules by a transcellular pathway at sites of F-met peptide-induced acute inflammation in guinea pigs","volume":"116","author":"Feng","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06559","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of active multiple sclerosis lesions reveals therapeutic targets","volume":"451","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0502-500","article-title":"Gene-microarray analysis of multiple sclerosis lesions yields new targets validated in autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"8","author":"Lock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2230","article-title":"Fibrinogen-induced perivascular microglial clustering is required for the development of axonal damage in neuroinflammation","volume":"3","author":"Davalos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2018.1443075","article-title":"Merits and complexities of modelling multiple sclerosis in non-human primates: implications for drug discovery","volume":"13","author":"'t Hart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Discov."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl075","article-title":"Understanding pathogenesis and therapy of multiple sclerosis via animal models: 70 years of merits and culprits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis research","volume":"129","author":"Gold","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"B81","first-page":"112","article-title":"Enhancing the ability of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis to serve as a more rigorous model of multiple sclerosis through refinement of the experimental design","volume":"59","author":"Emerson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp Med."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285611433772","article-title":"Glycoproteins as targets of autoantibodies in CNS inflammation: MOG and more","volume":"5","author":"Mayer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(99)00257-X","article-title":"Behavioral aspects of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"104","author":"Pollak","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8020162","article-title":"Platelet depletion is effective in ameliorating anxiety-like behavior and reducing the pro-inflammatory environment in the hippocampus in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"8","author":"Kocovski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2008.08.009","article-title":"Axonal loss and gray matter pathology as a direct result of autoimmunity to neurofilaments","volume":"32","author":"Huizinga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20743","article-title":"Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: a misleading model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"58","author":"Sriram","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3168","article-title":"Animal models of multiple sclerosis: the good, the bad and the bottom line","volume":"15","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2014.06.003","article-title":"EAE is not a useful model for demyelinating disease","volume":"3","author":"Behana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult Scler Rel Disord."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.10.009","article-title":"Axonal and neuronal pathology in multiple sclerosis: what have we learnt from animal models?","volume":"225","author":"Lassmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.08.014","article-title":"Virtues and pitfalls of EAE for the development of therapies for multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Steinman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52001-2.00008-X","article-title":"The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS: utility for understanding disease pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"122","author":"Robinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neuol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.3.393","article-title":"Clonal expansions of CD81 T cells dominate the T cell infiltrate in active multiple sclerosis lesions as shown by micromanipulation and single cell polymerase chain reaction","volume":"192","author":"Babbe","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4222","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-11-4025","article-title":"High prevalence of autoreactive, neuroantigen-specific CD8 T cells in multiple sclerosis revealed by novel flow cytometric assay","volume":"103","author":"Crawford","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.008","article-title":"Using EAE to better understand principles of immune function and autoimmune pathology","volume":"45","author":"Rangacharai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Autoimmun."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4103\/2319-4170.155590","article-title":"T cell mediated pathogenesis in EAE: molecular mechanisms","volume":"38","author":"Kurschus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed J."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511398885","article-title":"Critical appraisal of animal models of multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Baker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult Scler J."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2010.11.006","article-title":"EAE: imperfect but useful models of multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"'t Hart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2014.05.002","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is a good model of multiple sclerosis if used wisely","volume":"3","author":"Baker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult Scler Rel Disord."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.256370","article-title":"Platelets contribute to the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"110","author":"Langer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58979","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058979","article-title":"Platelets recognize brain-specific glycolipid structures, respond to neurovascular damage and promote neuroinflammation","volume":"8","author":"Sotnikov","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nly032","article-title":"Platelets drive inflammation and target gray matter and the retina in autoimmune-mediated encephalomyelitis","volume":"7","author":"D'Souza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.09.009","article-title":"Platelets mediate protective neuroinflammation and promote neuronal plasticity at the site of neuronal injury","volume":"74","author":"Dukhinova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00835-8","article-title":"LeX\/ssea-1 is expressed by adult mouse CNS stem cells, identifying them as nonependymal","volume":"35","author":"Capela","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.07106.x","article-title":"Phosphatidylglucoside: a novel marker for adult neural stem cells: phosphatidylglucoside in the adult neural stem cells","volume":"116","author":"Kaneko","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.01.055","article-title":"The injury response of oligodendrocyte precursor cells is induced by platelets, macrophages and inflammation-associated cytokines","volume":"140","author":"Rhodes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V94.11.3791","article-title":"Activated platelets release two types of membrane vesicles: microvesicles by surface shedding and exosomes derived from exocytosis of multivesicular bodies and alpha-granules","volume":"94","author":"Heijnen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306847","article-title":"Platelets play differential role during the initiation and progression of autoimmune neuroinflammation","volume":"117","author":"Starossom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17101723","article-title":"The inflammatory role of platelets: translational insights from experimental studies of autoimmune disorders","volume":"17","author":"Pankratz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.158915","article-title":"Platelets: inflammatory firebugs of vascular walls","volume":"28","author":"May","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27196","article-title":"Platelets in inflammation and atherogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Gawaz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1160\/TH14-12-1067","article-title":"The role of platelets in inflammation","volume":"1114","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.310795","article-title":"Circulating platelets as mediators of immunity, inflammation, and thrombosis","volume":"122","author":"Koupenova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1179\/016164106X98080","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis as a vascular disease","volume":"28","author":"Minagar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurol Res."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5957","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21175957","article-title":"Metformin as a potential agent in the treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Dziedzic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.12.014","article-title":"Platelet-activating factor receptor gene polymorphism in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"161","author":"Osoegawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2011.02.019","article-title":"A novel mitochondrial DNA deletion producing progressive external ophthalmoplegia associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Slee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3390\/biology8020037","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Peixoto de Barcelos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biology."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10040234","article-title":"Microbiome in multiple sclerosis: where are we, what we know and do not know","volume":"10","author":"Boziki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.06.002","article-title":"The gut-CNS axis in multiple sclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Kadowaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02513","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02513-14","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin causes selective death of mature oligodendrocytes and central nervous system demyelination","volume":"6","author":"Linden","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00011","article-title":"Oral multiple sclerosis drugs inhibit the in vitro growth of epsilon toxin producing gut bacterium, Clostridium perfringens","volume":"7","author":"Rumah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8020230","article-title":"The relationship between platelet count and host gut microbiota: a population-based retrospective cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22402","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2011703117","article-title":"Alterations of the gut ecological and functional microenvironment in different stages of multiple sclerosis","volume":"117","author":"Takewaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20016","article-title":"Relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis: pathology of the newly forming lesion","volume":"55","author":"Barnett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Neurol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5068","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"19","author":"Miljkovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70137-6","article-title":"MRI in multiple sclerosis: current status and future prospects","volume":"7","author":"Bakshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s41181-019-0058-3","article-title":"Molecular imaging of multiple sclerosis: from the clinical demand to novel radiotracers","volume":"4","author":"Bauckneht","year":"2019","journal-title":"EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.85","article-title":"Adenosine A2A receptors in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: a [(11)C]TMSX brain PET study","volume":"33","author":"Rissanen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612043384682","article-title":"The role of the platelet glycoprotein IIb\/IIIa in thrombosis and hemostasis","volume":"10","author":"Fullard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-1034-z","article-title":"Purinergic receptors P2Y12R and P2X7R: potential targets for PET imaging of microglia phenotypes in multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Beaino","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroinflam."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1097\/MWM.00000000000660","article-title":"Pharmacologic characterizations of a P2X7 receptor-specific radioligand, [11C]GSK1482160 for neuroinflammatory response","volume":"38","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1160\/TH10-11-0701","article-title":"Ultrasound molecular imaging of arterial thrombi with novel microbubbles modified by cyclic RGD in vitro and in vivo","volume":"107","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.10020","article-title":"Detection of high-risk atherosclerotic plaques with ultrasound molecular imaging of glycoprotein IIb\/IIIa receptor on activated platelets","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theranostics."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.030312","article-title":"Novel single-chain antibody-targeted microbubbles for molecular ultrasound imaging of thrombosis: validation of a unique noninvasive method for rapid and sensitive detection of thrombi and monitoring of success or failure of thrombolysis in mice","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.302514","article-title":"Towards effective and safe thrombolysis and thromboprophylaxis: preclinical testing of a novel antibody-targeted recombinant plasminogen activator directed against activated platelets","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.19900","article-title":"Targeting activated platelets: a unique and potentially universal approach for cancer imaging","volume":"7","author":"Yap","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.7150\/thno\/v01p0058","article-title":"Radiolabeled cyclic RGD peptides as radiotracers for imaging tumors and thrombosis by SPECT","volume":"1","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11752","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11752","article-title":"SPECT\/CT imaging of high-risk atherosclerotic plaques using integrin-binding RGD dimer peptides","volume":"5","author":"Sun Yoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.18099","article-title":"A unique three-dimensional fluorescence emission computed tomography technology: in vivo detection of arterial thrombosis and pulmonary embolism","volume":"7","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.14.51","article-title":"Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with fucoidan for molecular MRI of intraluminal thrombus","volume":"10","author":"Suzuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanomedicine (Lond)"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.198556","article-title":"Magnetic resonance molecular imaging of thrombosis in an arachidonic acid mouse model using an activated platelet targeted probe","volume":"30","author":"Klink","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.008157","article-title":"Dual-contrast molecular imaging allows noninvasive characterization of myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury after coronary vessel occlusion in mice by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"130","author":"von Elverfeldt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.753657","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent targeted toward activated platelets allows in vivo detection of thrombosis and monitoring of thrombolysis","volume":"118","author":"von zur Muhlen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e016971","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.016971","article-title":"19-Fluorine magnetic resonance imaging of activated platelets","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160721","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20160721","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis update: use of MRI for early diagnosis, disease monitoring and assessment of treatment related complications","volume":"90","author":"Igra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.110.085852","article-title":"Radiolabeled fucoidan as a p-selectin targeting agent for in vivo imaging of platelet-rich thrombus and endothelial activation","volume":"52","author":"Rouzet","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1160\/TH17-02-0103","article-title":"Assessment of thrombotic risk in atrial fibrillation with ultrasound molecular imaging of P-selectin","volume":"118","author":"Jing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-015-0140-0","article-title":"Hybrid PET\/optical imaging of integrin \u03b1V\u03b23 receptor expression using a (64)Cu-labeled streptavidin\/biotin-based dimeric RGD peptide","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.306483","article-title":"Molecular imaging of atherothrombotic diseases: Seeing is believing","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.188896","article-title":"18F-GP1, a novel PET tracer designed for high-sensitivity, low-background detection of thrombi","volume":"58","author":"Lohrke","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-018-0471-8","article-title":"A phase 1, first-in-human study of 18F-GP1 positron emission tomography for imaging acute arterial thrombosis","volume":"9","author":"Chae","year":"2019","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317450","article-title":"Combined antiplatelet\/anticoagulant drug for cardiac ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"127","author":"Bienvenu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99329","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.99329","article-title":"Platelet-targeted dual pathway antithrombotic inhibits thrombosis with preserved hemostasis","volume":"3","author":"Hanjaya-Putra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e420","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003682","article-title":"Targeting CD39 toward activated platelets reduces systemic inflammation and improves survival in sepsis: a preclinical pilot study","volume":"47","author":"Granja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx218","article-title":"A single-chain antibody-CD39 fusion protein targeting activated platelets protects from cardiac ischaemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"39","author":"Ziegler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-08-449694","article-title":"Delayed targeting of CD39 to activated platelet GPIIb\/IIIa via a single-chain antibody: breaking the link between antithrombotic potency and bleeding?","volume":"121","author":"Hohmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.620963\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T17:40:04Z","timestamp":1613842804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.620963\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"references-count":156,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2021.620963"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.620963","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"article-number":"620963"}}