{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T08:03:15Z","timestamp":1793952195009,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitiligo is a disease of the skin characterized by the appearance of white spots. Significant progress has been made in understanding vitiligo pathogenesis over the past 30 years, but only through perseverance, collaboration, and open-minded discussion. Early hypotheses considered roles for innervation, microvascular anomalies, oxidative stress, defects in melanocyte adhesion, autoimmunity, somatic mosaicism, and genetics. Because theories about pathogenesis drive experimental design, focus, and even therapeutic approach, it is important to consider their impact on our current understanding about vitiligo. Animal models allow researchers to perform mechanistic studies, and the development of improved patient sample collection methods provides a platform for translational studies in vitiligo that can also be applied to understand other autoimmune diseases that are more difficult to study in human samples. Here we discuss the history of vitiligo translational research, recent advances, and their implications for new treatment approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.624517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T13:47:50Z","timestamp":1614692870000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Translational Research in Vitiligo"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Erica L.","family":"Katz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-100919-023531","article-title":"Vitiligo: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Treatment","volume":"38","author":"Frisoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1953.36","article-title":"Clinical and experimental studies with 8-methoxypsoralen in vitiligo","volume":"20","author":"Lerner","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"87","article-title":"Vitiligo: With Notes of Four Cases","volume":"90","author":"Harrington","year":"1918","journal-title":"Glasgow Med J"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/003591572601900348","article-title":"A Case of Vitiligo with Addison\u2019s Disease","volume":"19","author":"Burgess","year":"1926","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.1269.834","article-title":"On leucoderm, vitiligo, ven kuttam (tamil) or cabbare (singhalese) and several new methods of treatment","volume":"1","author":"Brito","year":"1885","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"History and Chronology of Development of Surgical Therapies for Vitiligo","volume-title":"Surgical Management of Vitiligo","author":"Falabella","year":"2007"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000256228","article-title":"Modificazioni delle alterazioni cutanee della vitiligo e della sclerodermia in zone di trapianto cutaneo","volume":"96","author":"Com\u00e8l","year":"1948","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1952.59","article-title":"Exchange Grafts in Vitiligo","volume":"19","author":"Spencer","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"21","article-title":"Treatment of vitiligo with homologous thin Thiersch grafts","volume":"8","author":"Behl","year":"1964","journal-title":"Curr Med Pr"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2008.00511.x","article-title":"Segmental vitiligo as the possible expression of cutaneous somatic mosaicism: Implications for common non-segmental vitiligo","volume":"21","author":"Ta\u00efeb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12013","article-title":"The distribution pattern of segmental vitiligo: Clues for somatic mosaicism","volume":"168","author":"Van Geel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10650.x","article-title":"New insights in segmental vitiligo: case report and review of theories","volume":"166","author":"van Geel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2007.00399.x","article-title":"Vitiligo puzzle: the pieces fall in place","volume":"20","author":"Westerhof","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.2003.00070.x","article-title":"A critical appraisal of vitiligo etiologic theories. 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