{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T22:04:19Z","timestamp":1780610659111,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>S.pn<\/jats:italic>) is a common respiratory pathogen and a frequent cause of acute otitis media (AOM) in children. However, little is known about the immunometabolism during AOM. This study was to assess the presence of glucose metabolic reprogramming during AOM and its underlying mechanism affecting inflammatory response and middle ear injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The levels of glycolytic metabolism were evaluated by measuring the expression of glycolysis-related genes and the production of metabolites. HE stain, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot were performed to measure the effect of glucose metabolic reprogramming on inflammatory response, pneumococcal clearance, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1\u03b1) expression and cytokine secretion during AOM, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The analysis of microarray revealed an increase of the expression of glycolysis-related genes during <jats:italic>S.pn<\/jats:italic>\u2013induced AOM, which was verified by real-time PCR. Increased glycolysis promoted the production of IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 and facilitated the clearance of <jats:italic>S.pn<\/jats:italic> by enhancing phagocytosis and killing capability of neutrophils, but also aggravated the middle ear injury. Furthermore, these pathogenic effects could be reversed after glycolytic inhibitor 2DG treatment. Additionally, HIF-1\u03b1 was observed to involve in glycolytic metabolism during AOM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>S.pn<\/jats:italic> infection induced increased glycolysis conversion during AOM, which promoted inflammatory responses and bacterial clearance, but also aggravated tissue damage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.624775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T04:15:06Z","timestamp":1618805706000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Glycolytic Metabolism Is Critical for the Innate Antibacterial Defense in Acute Streptococcus pneumoniae Otitis Media"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fangmei","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yurong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongshuang","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70012-8","article-title":"Otitis media and its consequences: beyond the earache","volume":"10","author":"Vergison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2014.07.014","article-title":"Twelve-year survey (2001-2012) of the antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from otorhinolaryngology clinics in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan","volume":"20","author":"Ozawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-3488","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media [published correction appears in Pediatrics. 2014 Feb;133(2):346. 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