{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:41:39Z","timestamp":1790905299456,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> infection is the main cause of chronic gastritis in children. Little is known about the effect of <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> on microbiota and immunity. This study was aimed at characterizing stomach microbiota and immune-regulatory properties of children with <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> colonization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied 122 children who had undergone gastric endoscopy due to gastrointestinal symptoms, 57 were diagnosed with <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> infection. Endoscopic mucosal biopsy samples were obtained for DNA and RNA extraction. Microbiomes were analyzed by 16S rRNA profiling, with the differentially expressed genes analyzed using RNA sequencing. The RNA-sequencing results of selected genes were validated by qRT-PCR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacterial diversity of <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>-positive gastric specimens were lower than those of negative, and both groups were clearly separated according to beta diversity. <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>-positive group significantly reduced proportions of six phyla and eight genera; only <jats:italic>Helicobacter<\/jats:italic> taxa were more abundant in <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori-<\/jats:italic>negative group. Gastric tissues RNA sequencing showed increased expression of multiple immune response genes in <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> -infection. <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> -infected children with restructured gastric microbiota had higher levels of FOXP3, IL-10, TGF-\u03b21 and IL-17A expressions, which were consistent with increased CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cell and macrophagocyte, compared with non-infected children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Presence of <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> significantly influences gastric microbiota and results in lower abundance of multiple taxonomic levels in children. Meanwhile, it affects gastric immune environment and promotes the occurrence of gastritis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>[<jats:uri>http:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn<\/jats:uri>], identifier [ChiCTR1800015190]<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.625586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T06:08:32Z","timestamp":1616566112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The Effects of Helicobacter pylori Infection on Microbiota Associated With Gastric Mucosa and Immune Factors in Children"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gao","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weizhong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerong","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fubang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benson O. 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