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Because regions with the highest incidence also have a high prevalence of helminthiasis and nutritional scarcity, we wanted to understand the impact of these on TB progression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have developed an experimental murine model for active TB in C3HeB\/FeJ, coinfected with <jats:italic>Trichuris muris<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Heligmosomoides polygyrus<\/jats:italic> nematodes, and exposed to an environmental mycobacterium (<jats:italic>M. manresensis<\/jats:italic>) and intermittent fasting. Cause-effect relationships among these factors were explored with Partial Least Squares Path modelling (PLSPM).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous parasitization had a major anti-inflammatory effect and reduced systemic levels of ADA, haptoglobin, local pulmonary levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, CXCL-1, CXCL-5 and IL-10. Oral administration of heat-killed <jats:italic>M. manresensis<\/jats:italic> resulted in a similar outcome. Both interventions diminished pulmonary pathology and bacillary load, but intermittent food deprivation reduced this protective effect increasing stress and inflammation. The PLSPM revealed nematodes might have protective effects against TB progression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significantly higher cortisol levels in food-deprivation groups showed it is a stressful condition, which might explain its deleterious effect. This highlights the impact of food security on TB eradication policies and the need to prioritize food supply over deworming activities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.627638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T04:46:25Z","timestamp":1618375585000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Protective Effect of Intestinal Helminthiasis Against Tuberculosis Progression Is Abrogated by Intermittent Food Deprivation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Garrido-Amaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Cardona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Gass\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilibeth","family":"Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roser","family":"Velarde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asta","family":"Tvarijonativiciute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pere-Joan","family":"Cardona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","year":"2019"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2736","article-title":"Effect of helminth-induced immunity on infections with microbial pathogens","volume":"14","author":"Salgame","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.15596.1","article-title":"Helminth parasites and immune regulation","volume":"7","author":"Gazzinelli-Guimaraes","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S103529","article-title":"Helminth infection during pregnancy: Insights from evolutionary ecology","volume":"8","author":"Blackwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01134","article-title":"What have we learnt about BCG vaccination in the last 20 years","volume":"8","author":"Dockrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1966.94.4.553","article-title":"Effects of infection with atypical mycobacteria on BCG vaccination and tuberculosis","volume":"94","author":"Palmer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1211","article-title":"The success and failure of BCG - implications for a novel tuberculosis vaccine","volume":"3","author":"Andersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.2.672-678.2002","article-title":"Failure of the Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine: some species of environmental mycobacteria block multiplication of BCG and induction of protective immunity to tuberculosis","volume":"70","author":"Brandt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2018. 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