{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T15:51:55Z","timestamp":1789833115068,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/R019991\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/R019991\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Outbreaks that occur as a result of zoonotic spillover from an animal reservoir continue to highlight the importance of studying the disease interface between species. One Health approaches recognise the interdependence of human and animal health and the environmental interplay. Improving the understanding and prevention of zoonotic diseases may be achieved through greater consideration of these relationships, potentially leading to better health outcomes across species. In this review, special emphasis is given on the emerging and outbreak pathogen Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever virus (CCHFV) that can cause severe disease in humans. We discuss the efforts undertaken to better understand CCHF and the importance of integrating veterinary and human research for this pathogen. Furthermore, we consider the use of closely related nairoviruses to model human disease caused by CCHFV. We discuss intervention approaches with potential application for managing CCHFV spread, and how this concept may benefit both animal and human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.629636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T04:34:21Z","timestamp":1616042061000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Integration of Human and Veterinary Studies for Better Understanding and Management of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ciaran","family":"Gilbride","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Sharpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Atangana","family":"Maze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Limon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Barbara","family":"Ludi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Lambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Belij-Rammerstorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.45","article-title":"Pathways to zoonotic spillover","volume":"15","author":"Plowright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.09.029","article-title":"Vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: a one health paradigm","volume":"31","author":"Monath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2004.1490","article-title":"Epidemiology, transmission dynamics and control of SARS: the 2002-2003 epidemic","volume":"359","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.10.011","article-title":"MERS coronavirus outbreak: Implications for emerging viral infections","volume":"93","author":"Al-Omari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2008.05.019","article-title":"Human H5N1 influenza: Current insight into pathogenesis","volume":"40","author":"Thanh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14830","article-title":"Outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in the Republic of Congo, 2003","volume":"63","author":"Formenty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Trop"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160297","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0297","article-title":"The Ebola outbreak, 2013-2016: old lessons for new epidemics","volume":"372","author":"Coltart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08157","article-title":"Emergence and pandemic potential of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus","volume":"459","author":"Neumann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138996","article-title":"Evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: A global health emergency","volume":"730","author":"Acter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"Coronavirus update (LIVE)2021"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2018.031","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome: what we learned from the 2015 outbreak in the Republic of Korea","volume":"33","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med"},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"GDP (constant 2010 US$) - Korea, RepWorld Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files2010"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2008.03.003","article-title":"The economic impact of SARS: how does the reality match the predictions","volume":"88","author":"Keogh-Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"B14","unstructured":"GDP (constant 2010 US$) - Hong Kong SAR, ChinaWorld Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files2003"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-9211","article-title":"The Potential Impact of COVID-19 on GDP and Trade A Preliminary Assessment","volume":"9211","author":"Maliszewska","year":"2020"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433+","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2203.150977","article-title":"Effects of response to 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak on deaths from malaria, HIV\/AIDS, and tuberculosis, West Africa","volume":"22","author":"Parpia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2010.01121.x","article-title":"Socio-economic impacts of avian influenza outbreaks on small-scale producers in Indonesia","volume":"57","author":"Basuno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02849.x","article-title":"Bunyaviruses and climate change","volume":"15","author":"Elliott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14830","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14830","article-title":"Spillover and pandemic properties of zoonotic viruses with high host plasticity","volume":"5","author":"Kreuder Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"Blueprint Priority Diseases"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30089-6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 in fruit bats, ferrets, pigs, and chickens: an experimental transmission study","volume":"1","author":"Schlottau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2169-0","article-title":"Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins","volume":"583","author":"Lam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.110061","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Afghanistan, 2009","volume":"17","author":"Mustafa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2205.151777","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus IgG in Goats, Bhutan","volume":"22","author":"Wangchuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0816-3","article-title":"Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever among the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedaries) in Central Sudan","volume":"14","author":"Suliman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2592","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Domesticated Animals in Northwestern Senegal","volume":"20","author":"Mangombi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0914","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Ijara District, Kenya","volume":"12","author":"Lwande","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/438575a","article-title":"Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus","volume":"438","author":"Leroy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1602.091269","article-title":"Marburg Virus in Fruit Bat, Kenya","volume":"16","author":"Kuzmin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1212.060812","article-title":"Mastomys natalensis and Lassa fever, West Africa","volume":"12","author":"Lecompte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0544-0","article-title":"Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) origin and animal reservoir","volume":"13","author":"Mohd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.03.012","article-title":"A review of studies on animal reservoirs of the SARS coronavirus","volume":"133","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01522-2","article-title":"Isolation of Nipah virus from Malaysian Island flying-foxes","volume":"4","author":"Chua","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62453-6","article-title":"Patterns of Rift Valley fever virus seropositivity in domestic ruminants in central South Africa four years after a large outbreak","volume":"10","author":"Ngoshe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.05.014","article-title":"Zika virus, vectors, reservoirs, amplifying hosts, and their potential to spread worldwide: what we know and what we should investigate urgently","volume":"48","author":"Vorou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31027-8","article-title":"Reconnecting for our future: The Lancet One Health Commission","volume":"395","author":"Amuasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000121","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2016-000121","article-title":"Implementing One Health as an integrated approach to health in Rwanda","volume":"2","author":"Nyatanyi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Heal"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.5491\/SHAW.2012.3.1.77","article-title":"Emerging zoonoses: the \u2018one health approach\u2019","volume":"3","author":"Rabozzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saf Health Work"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2020.101429","article-title":"New aspects about Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) cases and associated fatality trends: A global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Nasirian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.09.013","article-title":"A chronological review of experimental infection studies of the role of wild animals and livestock in the maintenance and transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus","volume":"135","author":"Spengler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61678-X","article-title":"Ecology of zoonoses: natural and unnatural histories","volume":"380","author":"Karesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.12.002","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and expansion from endemic regions","volume":"34","author":"Spengler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1902.121193","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ticks from migratory birds, Morocco","volume":"19","author":"Palomar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5030113","article-title":"Towards a Sustainable One Health Approach to Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Prevention: Focus Areas and Gaps in Knowledge","volume":"5","author":"Sorvillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42522-019-0007-9","article-title":"Implementing One Health approaches to confront emerging and re-emerging zoonotic disease threats: lessons from PREDICT","volume":"2","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"One Heal Outlook"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.07.006","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity","volume":"100","author":"Bente","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.05.010","article-title":"The role of ticks in the maintenance and transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: A review of published field and laboratory studies","volume":"144","author":"Gargili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.12.002","article-title":"Importation of Hyalomma marginatum, vector of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, into the United Kingdom by migratory birds","volume":"3","author":"Jameson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04493-5","article-title":"Migratory birds as disseminators of ticks and the tick-borne pathogens Borrelia bacteria and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus: a seasonal study at Ottenby Bird Observatory in South-eastern Sweden","volume":"13","author":"Wilhelmsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol Vectors"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1660-6","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in livestock ticks and animal handler seroprevalence at an abattoir in Ghana","volume":"16","author":"Akuffo","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008094","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008094","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in humans in the World Health Organization European region: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Monsalve-Arteaga","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3740-x","article-title":"Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever serosurvey in humans for identifying high-risk populations and high-risk areas in the endemic state of Gujarat, India","volume":"19","author":"Mourya","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0499-z","article-title":"Outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever with atypical clinical presentation in the Karak District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"7","author":"Rehman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2013.08.529","article-title":"Nosocomial infection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Kosovo","volume":"24","author":"Ajazaj-Berisha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2019.12.001","article-title":"Nosocomial infections caused by Crimean\u2013Congo haemorrhagic fever virus","volume":"105","author":"Tsergouli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101555","article-title":"New geographical area on the map of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: First serological evidence in the Hungarian population","volume":"12","author":"Magyar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1615162","article-title":"Autochthonous Crimean\u2013Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Spain","volume":"377","author":"Negredo","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01580-19","article-title":"Diagnostic Testing for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever","volume":"58","author":"Raabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1804.111374","article-title":"Subclinical infections with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Turkey","volume":"18","author":"Bodur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000610","article-title":"Biosafety standards for working with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus","volume":"97","author":"Weidmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit061","article-title":"Lethal Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection in interferon \u03b1\/\u03b2 receptor knockout mice is associated with high viral loads, proinflammatory responses, and coagulopathy","volume":"207","author":"Zivcec","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.019034-0","article-title":"Crimean\u2013Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection is lethal for adult type I interferon receptor-knockout mice","volume":"91","author":"Bereczky","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01383-10","article-title":"Pathogenesis and immune response of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in a STAT-1 knockout mouse model","volume":"84","author":"Bente","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01083-18","article-title":"Exploring Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus-Induced Hepatic Injury Using Antibody-Mediated Type I Interferon Blockade in Mice","volume":"92","author":"Lindquist","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006628","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006628","article-title":"Nucleocapsid protein-based vaccine provides protection in mice against lethal Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus challenge","volume":"12","author":"Zivcec","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008183","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008183","article-title":"Fluorescent Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus illuminates tissue tropism patterns and identifies early mononuclear phagocytic cell targets in Ifnar-\/- mice","volume":"15","author":"Welch","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0141-7","article-title":"A cynomolgus macaque model for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever","volume":"3","author":"Haddock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.10.002","article-title":"Animal models of highly pathogenic RNA viral infections: Hemorrhagic fever viruses","volume":"78","author":"Gowen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.34.2.2367","article-title":"Nairobi sheep disease virus\/Ganjam virus","volume":"34","author":"Baron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(17)80002-3","article-title":"On a Tick-Borne Gastro-Enteritis of Sheep and Goats Occurring in British East Africa","volume":"30","author":"Montgomery","year":"1917","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol Ther"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-43-71","article-title":"Ganjam virus\/Nairobi sheep disease virus induces a pro-inflammatory response in infected sheep","volume":"43","author":"bin Tarif","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000013895","article-title":"Nairobi Sheep Disease","volume":"23","author":"Daubney","year":"1931","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(58)80018-1","article-title":"An Epizootic of Nairobi Sheep Disease in Uganda","volume":"68","author":"Weinbren","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol Ther"},{"key":"B74","article-title":"Isolation of Ganjam virus from a human case of febrile illness: a report of a laboratory infection and serological survey of human sera from three different states of India","volume":"57","author":"Dandawate","year":"1969","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"B75","article-title":"Laboratory infections with Ganjam virus","volume":"74","author":"Mohan Rao","year":"1981","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0917","article-title":"A Global Genomic Characterization of Nairoviruses Identifies Nine Discrete Genogroups with Distinctive Structural Characteristics and Host-Vector Associations","volume":"94","author":"Walker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1514","article-title":"Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus, an Important Tick-Borne Pathogen of Sheep and Goats in Africa, Is Also Present in Asia","volume":"303","author":"Marczinke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00213","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Tick-Host-Virus Interactions","volume":"7","author":"Papa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2004.08.001","article-title":"Crimean\u2013Congo hemorrhagic fever","volume":"64","author":"Whitehouse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00419","article-title":"Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus: A Historical and Epidemiological Perspective","volume":"7","author":"Krasteva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2019.09.005","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: An update","volume":"49","author":"Fill\u00e2tre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029712","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus-infected hepatocytes induce ER-stress and apoptosis crosstalk","volume":"7","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B83","article-title":"Immunohistochemical and in situ localization of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus in human tissues and implications for CCHF pathogenesis","volume":"121","author":"Burt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0124966","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124966","article-title":"Antibodies to the Core Proteins of Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus\/Ganjam Virus Reveal Details of the Distribution of the Proteins in Infected Cells and Tissues","volume":"10","author":"Lasecka","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1061","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever","volume":"13","author":"Ak\u0131nc\u0131","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24864","article-title":"Cytokine response in crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection","volume":"89","author":"Erg\u00f6n\u00fcl","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(78)90005-1","article-title":"The serological relationships of Nairobi sheep disease virus","volume":"88","author":"Davies","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121197","article-title":"Tick-Borne Viruses Of West Pakistan: II. Hazara Virus, A New Agent Isolated From Ixodes Redikorzeviticks From The Kaghan Valley, W. Pakistan12","volume":"92","author":"Begum","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00616-19","article-title":"Rescue of Infectious Recombinant Hazara Nairovirus from cDNA Reveals the Nucleocapsid Protein DQVD Caspase Cleavage Motif Performs an Essential Role other than Cleavage","volume":"93","author":"Fuller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000149175","article-title":"The Nairovirus Genus: Serological Relationships","volume":"14","author":"Casals","year":"1980","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04236-7","article-title":"Regulation of Hazara virus growth through apoptosis inhibition by viral nucleoprotein","volume":"164","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12900-015-0051-3","article-title":"The crystal structure of the Hazara virus nucleocapsid protein","volume":"15","author":"Surtees","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Struct Biol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-249","article-title":"Inhibition of Hazara nairovirus replication by small interfering RNAs and their combination with ribavirin","volume":"8","author":"Flusin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw172.531","article-title":"Ribavirin in Treatment of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF): An International Multicenter Retrospective Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.038455-0","article-title":"Hazara virus infection is lethal for adult type I interferon receptor-knockout mice and may act as a surrogate for infection with the human-pathogenic Crimean\u2013Congo hemorrhagic fever virus","volume":"93","author":"Dowall","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070590","article-title":"Animal Models for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Human Disease","volume":"11","author":"Garrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8121927","article-title":"Sheep and Cattle Are Not Susceptible to Experimental Inoculation with Hazara Orthonairovirus, a Tick-Borne Arbovirus Closely Related to CCHFV","volume":"8","author":"Hartlaub","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01318066","article-title":"A comparative study of the Crimean hemorrhagic fever-Congo group of viruses","volume":"62","author":"Smirnova","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.05.019","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) seroprevalence: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"196","author":"Nasirian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.02.018","article-title":"Current status of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region: issues, challenges, and future directions","volume":"58","author":"Al-Abri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2016.1213958","article-title":"Aetiology of PCR negative suspected Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever cases in an endemic area","volume":"110","author":"Tanyel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6248-1","article-title":"Knowledge, perception and attitude about Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) among medical and pharmacy students of Pakistan","volume":"18","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2019.1615450","article-title":"Diagnostic approaches for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus","volume":"19","author":"Papa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001114","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-001114","article-title":"Diagnostic tests for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: a widespread tickborne disease","volume":"4","author":"Mazzola","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Heal"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800093","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.5.1800093","article-title":"Laboratory management of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus infections: perspectives from two European networks","volume":"24","author":"Bartolini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0553","article-title":"An Emerging Biothreat: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Southern and Western Asia","volume":"100","author":"Blair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2407.172096","article-title":"Seroepidemiologic Survey of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Selected Risk Groups, South Africa","volume":"24","author":"Vawda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.10.014","article-title":"Monitoring for the possible introduction of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Italy based on tick sampling on migratory birds and serological survey of sheep flocks","volume":"149","author":"De Liberato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004210","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004210","article-title":"Seroepidemiological Studies of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Domestic and Wild Animals","volume":"10","author":"Spengler","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.05.031","article-title":"Development of vaccines against Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus","volume":"35","author":"Dowall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2010.540036","article-title":"The Bulgarian vaccine Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus strain","volume":"43","author":"Papa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.08.003","article-title":"Healthy individuals\u2019 immune response to the Bulgarian Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus vaccine","volume":"30","author":"Mousavi-Jazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7030115","article-title":"Immunological Analysis of a CCHFV mRNA Vaccine Candidate in Mouse Models","volume":"7","author":"Aligholipour Farzani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3315-3","article-title":"Expression and characterization of codon-optimized Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus Gn glycoprotein in insect cells","volume":"162","author":"Rahpeyma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02076-16","article-title":"Immunization with DNA Plasmids Coding for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Capsid and Envelope Proteins and\/or Virus-Like Particles Induces Protection and Survival in Challenged Mice","volume":"91","author":"Hinkula","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1078045","article-title":"A Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) viral vaccine expressing nucleoprotein is immunogenic but fails to confer protection against lethal disease","volume":"12","author":"Dowall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1855","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Subunit Vaccines Induce High Levels of Neutralizing Antibodies But No Protection in STAT1 Knockout Mice","volume":"15","author":"Kortekaas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005908","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005908","article-title":"A DNA vaccine for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever protects against disease and death in two lethal mouse models","volume":"11","author":"Garrison","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91516","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091516","article-title":"A Novel Vaccine against Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Protects 100% of Animals against Lethal Challenge in a Mouse Model","volume":"9","author":"Buttigieg","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-00815-6","article-title":"A DNA-based vaccine protects against Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus disease in a Cynomolgus macaque model","volume":"6","author":"Hawman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxz012","article-title":"CEPI: Driving Progress Toward Epidemic Preparedness and Response","volume":"41","author":"Gouglas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilv011","article-title":"Livestock Models in Translational Medicine","volume":"56","author":"Roth","year":"2015","journal-title":"ILAR J"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/375595","article-title":"Human Illness Associated with Use of Veterinary Vaccines","volume":"37","author":"Strausbaugh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz258","article-title":"Will China\u2019s H7N9 Control Strategy Continue to Be Effective","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00022","article-title":"Arbovirus-Mosquito Vector-Host Interactions and the Impact on Transmission and Disease Pathogenesis of Arboviruses","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00045","article-title":"Control of Cattle Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases by Acaricide in Southern Province of Zambia: A Retrospective Evaluation of Animal Health Measures According to Current One Health Concepts","volume":"6","author":"Laing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Public Heal"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1997.tb00305.x","article-title":"The effects of the brown ear-tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, on milk production of Sanga cattle","volume":"11","author":"Norval","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00367062","article-title":"Chlorfenvinphos residues in milk from traditionally managed cows in Southern Province, Zambia","volume":"14","author":"Camoni","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2016.00239","article-title":"Experiences in Tick Control by Acaricide in the Traditional Cattle Sector in Zambia and Burkina Faso: Possible Environmental and Public Health Implications","volume":"4","author":"De Meneghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Public Heal"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.2006.B0912","article-title":"Importance of ticks and their chemical and immunological control in livestock","volume":"7","author":"Rajput","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.629636\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T04:34:27Z","timestamp":1616042067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.629636\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"references-count":130,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2021.629636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.629636","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"article-number":"629636"}}